散文：朱自清《背影》漢譯英翻譯賞析

　　我與父親不相見已二年余了，我最不能忘記的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父親的差使也交卸了，正是禍不單行的日子，我從北京到徐州，打算跟著父親奔喪回家。到了徐州見著父親，看見滿院狼藉的東西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼淚。It is more than two years since I last saw father, and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job. I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma’s funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the though of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.父親說：“事已如此，不必難過，好在天無絕人之路!”Father said, “Now that things’ve come to such a pass, it’s no use crying. Fortunately, Heaven always leaves one a way out.”回家(1)變賣典質(zhì)，父親還了虧空;又借了錢辦了喪事。這些日子，家中光景很是慘淡，一半為了喪事，一半為了父親的賦閑(2)。喪事完畢，父親要到南京謀事，我也要回到北京念書，我們便同行。After arriving home in Yangzhou, father paid off debts by selling or pawning things. He also borrowed money to meet the funeral expenses. Between grandma’s funeral and father’s unemployment, our family was then in reduced circumstances. After the funeral was over, father was to go to Nanjing to look for a job and I was to return to Beijing to study, so we started out together.到南京時(shí)，有朋友約去游逛，勾留了一日;第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。父親因?yàn)槭旅?，本已說定不送我，叫旅館里一個(gè)熟識(shí)的茶房(3)陪我同去。他再三囑咐茶房，甚是仔細(xì)。但他終于不放心，怕茶房不妥貼，頗躊躇了一會(huì)。其實(shí)那年我已二十歲，北京來往過兩三次，是沒有甚么要緊的了。他躊躇了一會(huì)，終于決定還是自己送我去。我兩三回勸他不必去(4);他只說，“不要緊，他們?nèi)ゲ缓?5)!”I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. Father said he was too busy to go and see me off at the railway station, but would ask a hotel waiter that he knew to accompany me there instead. He urged the waiter again and again to take good care of me, but still did not quite trust him. He hesitated for quite a while about what to do. As a matter of fact, nothing would matter at all because I was then twenty and had already travelled on Beijing-Pukou Railway a couple of times. After some wavering, he finally decided that he himself would accompany me to the station. I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it, but he only said, “Never mind! It won’t do to trust guys like those hotel boys!”

　　我們過了江，進(jìn)了車站。我買票，他忙著照看行李。行李太多了，得向腳夫行些小費(fèi)(6)，才可過去。他便又忙著和他們講價(jià)錢。我那時(shí)真是太聰明過分(7)，總覺得他說話不大漂亮(8)，非得自己插嘴不可。但他終于講定了價(jià)錢;就送我上車。他給我揀定了靠車門的一張椅子;我將他給我做的紫毛大衣鋪好坐位。他囑我路上小心，夜里要警醒些，不要受涼。又囑托茶房好好照應(yīng)我。我心里暗笑他的迂(9);他們只認(rèn)得錢，托他們直是白托!而且我這樣大年紀(jì)的人，難道還不能料理自己?jiǎn)?唉，我現(xiàn)在想想，那時(shí)真是太聰明了(10)!We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. There was quite a bit of luggage and he had to bargain with the porter over the fee. I was then such a smart aleck that I frowned upon the way father was haggling and was on the verge of chipping in a few words when the bargain was finally clinched. Getting on the train with me, he picked me a seat close to the carriage door. I spread on the seat the brownish fur-lined overcoat he had got tailor made for me. He told me to be watchful on the way and be careful not to catch cold at night. He also asked the train attendants to take good care of me. I sniggered at father for being so impractical, for it was utterly useless to entrust me to those attendants, who cared for nothing but money. Besides, it was certainly no problem for a person of my age to look after himself. Oh, when I come to think of it, I can see how smarty I was in those days!我說道，“爸爸，你走吧。”他望車外看了看，說，“我買幾個(gè)橘子去。你就在此地，不要走動(dòng)。”我看那邊月臺(tái)的柵欄外有幾個(gè)賣東西的的等著顧客。走到那邊月臺(tái)，須穿過鐵道，須跳下去又爬上去。父親是一個(gè)胖子，走過去自然要費(fèi)些事。我本來要去的，他不肯，只好讓他去。我看見他戴著黑布小帽。穿著黑布大馬褂(11)，深青布棉袍，蹣跚在走到鐵道邊，慢慢探身下去，尚不大難。可是他穿過鐵道，要爬上那邊月臺(tái)，就不容易了。他用兩手攀著上面，兩腳再向上縮;他肥胖的身子向左微傾，顯出努力的樣子。這時(shí)我看見他的的背影，我眼淚很快地流下來了。我趕緊拭干了淚，怕他看見，也怕別人看見。我再向外看時(shí)，他已抱了朱紅的橘子往回走了。I said, “Dad, you might leave now.” But he looked out of window and said, “I’m going to buy you some tangerines. You just stay here. Don’t move around.” I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself, but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down the railway track, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after crossing the railway track. His hands held onto the upper part of the platform, his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviously making an enormous exertion. While I was watching him from behind, tears gushed from my eyes. I quickly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying. The next moment when I looked out of the window again, father was already on the way back, holding bright red tangerines in both hands.

　　過鐵道時(shí)，他先將橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。到這邊時(shí)，我趕緊去攙他。他和我走到車上，將橘子一股腦兒放在我的皮大衣上。于是撲撲衣上泥土，心里很輕松似的，過了一會(huì)說，“我走了;到那邊來信!”我望著他走出去。他走了幾步，回過頭看見我，說，“進(jìn)去吧，里邊沒人(12)。”等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再找不著了，我便進(jìn)來坐下，我的眼淚又來了。In crossing the railway track, he first put the tangerines on the ground, climbed down slowly and then picked them up again. When he came near the train, I hurried out to help him by the hand. After boarding the train with me, he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat, and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while, “I must be going now. Don’t forget to write me from Beijing!” I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage. After a few steps, he looked back at me and said, “Go back to your seat. Don’t leave your things alone.” I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible. My eyes were again wet with tears.近幾年來，父親和我都是東奔西走(13)，家中的光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外謀生，獨(dú)力支持，做了許多大事。那知老境卻如此頹唐!他觸目傷懷，自然不能自己(14)。情郁于中，自然要發(fā)之于外;家庭瑣屑便往往觸他之怒。他待我漸漸不同往日(15)。但最近兩年的不見，他終于忘卻我的不好，只是惦記著我，惦記著我的兒子。我北來后，他寫了一信給我，信中說道，“我身體平安，惟膀子疼痛利害，舉箸提筆，諸多不便，大約大去(16)之期不遠(yuǎn)矣。”我讀到此處，在晶瑩的淚光中，又看見那肥胖的，青布馬褂的背影。唉!我不知何時(shí)再能與他相見!In recent years, both father and I have been living an unsettled life, and the circumstances of our family going from bad to worse. Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own. To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry, and meanwhile he became less and less nice with me. However, the separation of the last two years has made him more forgiving towards me. He keeps thinking about me and my son. After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he says. “I’m all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.” Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of father’s corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again.

　　【注釋】:《背影》是朱自清(1898-1948)影響最大的抒情名篇之一，寫于1925年10月。作者用的提煉的口語，文筆秀麗，細(xì)膩縝密，讀來有一種親切婉轉(zhuǎn)、娓娓動(dòng)聽的感覺。但它的巨大藝術(shù)魅力主要來自它飽含的真摯感情。(1)“回家”指作者和父親一起從徐州回?fù)P州奔喪。英譯時(shí)有必要交代清楚揚(yáng)州是他們的老家，所以采用加字法：After arriving home in Yangzhou。(2)“一半為了喪事，一半為了父親的賦閑”譯為Between Grandma’s funeral and father’s unemployment，其中Between…and…等于What with …and (what with)…，作“半因……，半因……”或“由于……的共同影響“解。(3)“茶房”舊時(shí)指旅館、餐館、輪船等內(nèi)的服務(wù)員，可譯為waiter、attendant、boy等。(4)“我兩三回勸他不必去”譯為I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it，比I repeatedly tried to dissuade him from accompanying me to the station通俗簡(jiǎn)潔。(5)“他們?nèi)ゲ缓?rdquo;中的“他們”指“茶房”，全句意譯為It won’t do to trust guys like those hotel boys。如直譯為It won’t do to let one of the hotel boys go with you，也無不可，但未能把“對(duì)茶房缺乏信任感”的意思表達(dá)出來。(6)“小費(fèi)”在這里不指按規(guī)定價(jià)格付費(fèi)之外另給的“賞金”，不能用tip表達(dá)，現(xiàn)譯為fee。(7)“我那時(shí)真是聰明過分”中的“聰明”是反話，現(xiàn)全句譯為I was then such a smart aleck，其中smart aleck意即“自以為是的人”或“自以為樣樣懂的人”。(8)“總覺得他說話不大漂亮”意即嫌父親不會(huì)講價(jià)錢，現(xiàn)全句譯為I frowned upon the way father was haggling，其中frowned upon作“表示不贊同”解。(9)“迂”在這里作“不切實(shí)際”或“沒有見識(shí)”解，現(xiàn)結(jié)合上下文譯為impractical。(10)“那時(shí)真是太聰明了”也是反語，現(xiàn)譯為how smarty I was in those days，其中smarty和smart aleck同義。(11)“馬褂”為舊時(shí)男子穿在長(zhǎng)袍外的對(duì)襟短褂，通常譯為mandarin jacket。(12)“里邊沒人”不宜按字面直譯，現(xiàn)譯為Don’t leave your things alone。(13)“父親和我都是東奔西走”不宜按字面直譯，現(xiàn)意譯為both father and I have been living an unsettled life。(14)“他觸目傷懷，自然情不能自己”意即“他看到家庭敗落，情不自禁為之悲傷”，現(xiàn)譯為The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow。(15)“他待我漸漸不同往日”意即“他待我漸漸不如過去那么好”，故譯為he became less and less nice with me。(16)“大去”為舊時(shí)用語，意即“與世長(zhǎng)辭”，現(xiàn)譯為depart this life。