Job Searching for Graduates in Different Countries
面對就業(yè)難,各國畢業(yè)生如何面對?
隨著畢業(yè)的到來,無數(shù)中國大學生也面臨著“就業(yè)難”的尷尬境地——“蟻族”、“蝸居”等這些曾大肆流行的網(wǎng)絡詞匯足以揭示近幾年的大學畢業(yè)生的整體就業(yè)狀況。不光是中國的大學畢業(yè)生,在全世界,數(shù)以千萬計的大學畢業(yè)生也同樣在為工作奔波。外國大學生們熱衷于何種工作,他們對找工作是否有獨特心得和可借鑒之處?馬上就來看看各國畢業(yè)生是如何應對畢業(yè)后的工作與生活。夢想照進現(xiàn)實是否只是遙不可及的奢望?
Graduates in Great Britain: A Boomerang Generation
英國畢業(yè)生:“回巢族”的困惑
A poll reveals that of this year’s crop of graduates, 27% will be heading home to live with parents. The comments on the “boomerang generation”, along with explanations that young people prefer free catering and laundry in the parental home to the challenge of independence.
But most parents are worried — for their own offspring and for this generation as a whole. Among the boomerang generation, some have applied, unsuccessfully, for hundreds of jobs, some have piecemeal(零碎的)or part-time work, several are taking MAs(碩士學位)“to boost their chances” and a large number have “internships”, as employers now call unpaid labour. Only a few have found jobs appropriate to their qualifications.
Ask the so-called boomerang generation and they’ll tell you they are desperate for independence. Some, unable to find employment, are depressed. What must it feel like to apply for so many jobs, to face repeated rejection, to wonder if you can ever join the adult world? How can these individuals have the key experiences of growing up? Because having a job is not just about having money, it’s about developing a sense of your competence, about self-worth, about learning to work with colleagues, and the complexities of contemporary society. Without that chance to grow, the boomerang generation’s life will be actively damaged.
Tip:一項調查顯示,在今年的英國畢業(yè)大軍中,約27%的畢業(yè)生將會回到家中與父母同住。相比面對獨立生活的挑戰(zhàn),這群如今被稱為“回巢族”的畢業(yè)生更喜歡父母提供的免費食宿。
但大多數(shù)父母都會為自己的子女以及這一代人擔憂。“回巢族”中的一些人申請了無數(shù)份工作,但都沒有什么結果;一些人只能選擇打零工或做兼職;一些人選擇上研究生課程,“期望增加自己的就業(yè)機會”;還有很多人只能做實習生——也就是被雇主稱為“免費勞動力”的職位。只有少數(shù)人找到合適的工作。
其實,“回巢族”也渴望獨立,只是一些人在找不到工作后便意志消沉。試想一下,如果在找工作過程中接連碰壁,并懷疑你能否融入成年人的世界時,你會作何感想?在這種狀況下,年輕人如何才能獲得成長?因為工作并不只是為了掙錢,而是為了提升你的能力,實現(xiàn)個人價值,學會與同事相處,以及了解社會的復雜性。沒有這樣的成長機會,“回巢族”的人生無疑會遭到破壞。
Graduates in America Face Struggle
美國畢業(yè)生就業(yè)難
Three broad issues will make it tougher for today’s American graduates to launch their careers and succeed over the long run.
First, the job market is still far from booming: March and April’s disappointing job numbers — employers added only 154,000 and 115,000 jobs, respectively, compared with an average gain of about 250,000 in the previous three months — suggest the recovery remains fragile.
Second, the class of 2013 faces tougher competition thanks to “the recession hangover”. Young adults who graduated into the dire labor market of 2011 and 2012 and have been out of work are applying for the same jobs as new grads are. The same goes for earlier grads who were laid off during the recession. Those job candidates, many of whom likely have more experience than new grads, may have an edge.
Last, a debt burden looms. Tuition isn't getting any cheaper, so loan figures are expected to be even higher for the current crop of graduates. That means a greater share of any starting salaries they receive would go to repaying lenders, rather than to rent, furnishings or a down-payment fund for a house, delaying financial independence for many young adults.
Even when new graduates do find jobs, their starting salaries tend to be lower than those for their counterparts who graduated a decade earlier, adjusted for inflation. With a lower base pay, they may never catch up.
Tip:美國畢業(yè)生也面臨著“就業(yè)難”的問題。
首先,就業(yè)市場還遠算不上繁榮。3月和4月的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)令人失望,分別只增加了15.4萬個和11.5萬個工作崗位,而之前三個月平均每月約增加25萬個就業(yè)機會——這表明經(jīng)濟復蘇依然疲軟。
其次,由于“經(jīng)濟衰退后遺癥”的存在,2013年的畢業(yè)生面臨著更嚴峻的競爭。受前幾年糟糕就業(yè)形勢影響,而一直沒有找到工作的往屆畢業(yè)生們,也會在今年與應屆畢業(yè)生們同時競爭工作崗位。這部分求職者經(jīng)驗豐富,他們比應屆畢業(yè)生更有優(yōu)勢。
最后,美國畢業(yè)生面臨著沉重的債務負擔。學費年年上漲,這批畢業(yè)生的貸款額度也越來越高。這就意味著他們工作之初的微薄薪水,不得不拿出一大部分用來還貸款,而不是用來租房子、買家具,或支付房子的首付款,這也無形中推遲了他們財政獨立的時間。
由于通貨膨脹,即使這些畢業(yè)生們找到了工作,他們的起薪也比那些10年前的畢業(yè)生要低得多。由于基本工資更低,他們也許永遠也趕不上以前畢業(yè)生的水平。
法國畢業(yè)生:記者最熱門
失業(yè)率居高不下并不影響大學生懷有自己的夢想。法國全國教育及職業(yè)情報局(Onisep)對1000名大學生進行了調查,主題為“什么是你畢業(yè)后的理想職業(yè)”。答案五花八門,但有一些職業(yè)被提及得最多。其中接受采訪的女生的十大理想職業(yè)分別為:教師,記者,演員,律師,醫(yī)生,教育家,保育員,理發(fā)師,秘書,歌星;男生的十大理想職業(yè)分別為:工程師,飛機駕駛員,商人,信息工程師,教師,演員,足球運動員,機械師,消防員,記者。
不論是社會調查還是在網(wǎng)上論壇,法國青少年只要談到“理想職業(yè)”,就一定少不了“記者”這一項。隨著電子傳媒逐漸普及,電視新聞播報員、體育節(jié)目評論員或者重大事件的新聞主持人所散發(fā)出來的強大“魅力”讓法國青年為之傾倒。
日本畢業(yè)生:大公司是首選
近幾年的調查結果表明,大公司一直日本大學生的首選,排在前50位的就職熱門基本上都是大公司。因為大公司相對經(jīng)濟效益好、生活有保障。但日本大學生并不盲目追求大公司,調查結果表明,只要感覺工作有意義,40%以上的人認為中小企業(yè)也可以。有2.9%的人一開始就想在中小企業(yè)工作,因為公司人少,自己很快可以獨當一面。還有1.5%的大學生想開辦自己的公司。
找到工作的日本大學生,一般都會腳踏實地,從最底層干起,盡心盡力做好自己的本職工作,憑自己的實力一步一個腳印,而不是好高騖遠,想馬上發(fā)大財。當然如果公司氛圍不好、工作沒有意思、工作地點不固定、加班多,日本大學生也會辭職。
找不到工作的學生,只能一邊打工一邊找工作。在日本打零工也能滿足日常開銷,只是沒有什么前途。當然也有部分大學生干脆就不想工作,畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)當“啃老族”。