VOA慢速英語：千禧一代正在改變美國(guó)的工作文化？

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From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.

The latest generation of Americans to enter the labor force may be reshaping the way the United States goes to work.

Millennials are the generation who reached adulthood around the year 2000. And many of them do not have the usual 9-to-5 work mentality.

The Millennial workforce wants to work a more flexible schedule. This could mean the end of the inflexible 40-hour work week.

A professor at Florida International College of Law in Miami, Florida explains that Millennials value their free time. They value their personal lives – their friends, hobbies and interests -- as much as they value work. That attitude may sound like a benefit to only the workers. But perhaps not.

Professor Kerri Stone says studies show that reducing working hours can actually result in better workplace productivity. Stone says that after working so many hours per week you reach the point of what she calls, “diminishing returns.”

Diminishing returns is an economic term. It refers to a “point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested.”

She adds that people need breaks during the day and during the work week. During a work day, they need “face time” to talk to a friend or colleague. Without planning it, they build this time into their work day.

During the week, people need time to relax, or down time. As a group, Stone says Millennials strongly believe that "people need a certain amount of down time and a certain amount of vacation" in order to be happy at home and at work.

Cost of imbalance

Employers are not often worried about work-life balance. They are concerned with the bottom line, the profits and results of the company. However, new studies show that a happy employee is good for the company’s bottom line.

An organization based in Seattle, Washington seeks to challenge what it calls theepidemic of overworking in the United States and Canada.

Take Back Your Time states that its goals are to change the work culture by:

reducing work hours,

guaranteeing paid vacation and

guaranteeing at least one week of sick leave.

The organization says that giving employees at least one week of sick leave will help to reduce damage to a person's health and relationships caused by working too much.

Ted Bililies is a psychologist and managing director of a company that advises other companies on how to work smarter. He agrees that in the U.S., there is a work epidemic or as he calls it, “workaholism."

He warns that “stress is not uncommon in the workplace, along with physical and mental health issues.” Bililies adds that stress often leads to heart disease and other sicknesses.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention agree. The CDC’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) states this on its website: “Stress is a prevalent and costly problem in today’s workplace. Additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tend to be much longer than disability periods for other occupational injuries and illnesses.”

Bililies says that to fix the problem of an over-stressed employee, companies can give employees greater choice regarding how they work.

Many companies have already started doing just that.

Alternative answer

For the past year, a small company in San Diego, California, called Tower Paddleboards, has started a revolutionary substitute to the 40-hour-plus work week. They have started a five-hour workday for their 11 employees.

Stephan Aarstol is the founder and CEO, chief executive officer. He challenged the 8-hour workday, calling it "something that was invented for factory workers 100 years ago."

Aarstol defends his employee program, saying that it helps to keep his employees healthy. He says that these days, people are not active enough. He adds that “disease is on the rise.” Prescription drug abuse and alcoholism are also on the rise.

He says he believes that making a little more money for many more hours does not make people happy. The five-hour work day, he suggests, gives people time to do other things in life, such as spending more time with family and friends.

So how has this affected his company’s bottom line? Aarstol’s company reports that it is more profitable than ever.

What will people do less of?

But does a reduced work day result in more productivity? Dan Ariely is professor at Duke University in the southern state of North Carolina. Ariely says there are basically three things people do at work. They:

do productive, thoughtful, deep useful work,

do mindless work that has to be done, and

waste time.

If you decrease the work day from 8 hours to 5 hours, he says, what will be lost is the meaningful work.

Trend in America

There is a push by some workers to reduce their hours at the office. However, some of American's best-known companies are known for their highly-driven, "workaholic" culture.

Aarstol says that companies are trying many different things to see what works. He adds that Tesla, Apple and Amazon have teams of workers “that are super-high performers. These people are working around-the-clock, 24/7 with smartphones and computers, and they are accomplishing some amazing things."

This was his own firsthand experience. He warns that a person can easily work themselves into this unhealthy lifestyle of over-working. For Aarstol and some other corporate executives, the balance is to have happy, productive employees and a profitable bottom line.

I’m Anna Matteo.

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Words in This Story

work-life balance – n. a concept including proper prioritizing between "work" (career and ambition) and "lifestyle" (health, pleasure, leisure, family and spiritual development/meditation)

flexible – adj. easily changed : able to change or to do different things

inflexible – adj. not easily changed

(law of) diminishing results – n. economics : used to refer to a point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested.

face time – n. time spent at the place where you work especially before or after normal working hours

downtime – n. time when you are not working or busy

bottom line – n. a company's profits or losses

epidemic – n. a sudden quickly spreading occurrence of something harmful or unwanted

workaholic – n. a person who chooses to work a lot : a person who is always working, thinking about work, etc.

prevalent – adj. accepted, done, or happening often or over a large area at a particular time : common or widespread

firsthand – adj. coming directly from actually experiencing or seeing something