托福閱讀詳解之關(guān)于建筑的一些事

　　enclose：v. 圍住，圈起，封入

　　practical：adj.實(shí)用的

　　symbolic：adj.象征的

　　directly：adv. 直接地

　　determine：v.決定

　　utilize: v. 利用

　　achieve: v. 完成

　　seek: v. 尋找

　　shelter：v. 保護(hù)

　　enhance：v. 提高

　　contribute：v. 捐獻(xiàn)，提供 (contribute to： v. 促成，有助于)

　　enrich：v. 使富有

　　complement：v. 補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)助;n. 補(bǔ)充物

　　feasible：adj. 可行的 注：考詞匯題，等于

　　achievabledefine：v. 解釋，限定，規(guī)定

　　contemporary：adj.當(dāng)代的

　　trace：n.痕跡

　　be traced to：追溯到

　　meet: v. 滿足

　　be based on: 根據(jù)

　　devise：v. 設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明 注：考詞匯題，等于

　　createin relation to：與…有關(guān)

　　in terms of: 根據(jù)，就…而言

　　deal with: 處理

　　withstand: v. 抵抗，反抗，承受

　　Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

　　Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

　　Sentences

　　P1

　　Architecture is the art and science of designing structures [that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.]建筑是一門(mén)【處于實(shí)用和象征的雙重目的，通過(guò)組織和利用空間來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的】藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly [for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways].在所有的視覺(jué)藝術(shù)中，建筑直接地影響了我們的生活，【因?yàn)樗诤芏喾矫鏇Q定了我們生存的環(huán)境特征】。

　　P2

　　Buildings contribute to human life [when they provide shelter,enrich space,complement their site,suit the climate,and are economically feasible].建筑物為人類的生活提供了遮蔽處，豐富了空間，增加了人們的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，完善了人們的居住場(chǎng)所，適應(yīng)了氣候的變化，同時(shí)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上也可承受。The client [who pays for the building and defines its function]is an important member of the architectural team.在建筑團(tuán)隊(duì)中，重要的是【那些為建筑支付建設(shè)費(fèi)用并設(shè)計(jì)其功能的】人。

　　P3

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, [because they are based on physical laws], have changed little [since people first discovered them]—[even while building materials have changed dramatically. ]為了達(dá)到建筑的目的，一定的大小和強(qiáng)度是必須的。建筑采用的各種支撐方法【自從人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們以來(lái)】很少有改變，【因?yàn)檫@些方法都建立在物理定律的基礎(chǔ)上】，【盡管建筑材料已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化】。

　　P1 建筑的定義。建筑是一門(mén)出于_____和______的雙重目的，通過(guò)組織和利用空間來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的____和_____。建筑可以清楚的傳達(dá)_____。在所有的視覺(jué)藝術(shù)中，建筑____地影響了我們的生活。

　　P2 建筑的作用及影響者。建筑是一種利用_____、_____、_____、_____、_____和_____的三維立體形式。

　　P3 支撐方法的改進(jìn)。建筑采用的支撐方法都建立在_____的基礎(chǔ)上。

　　Answers：P1：Art, science; practical and symbolic purposes; cultural values; directlyP2space, mass, texture, line, light, and colorP3physical laws