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[高中]全新語(yǔ)法:動(dòng)詞不定式 三、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法作用

所屬教程:高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

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2021年11月28日

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三、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法作用

1.作主語(yǔ)

(1)不定式在句子中可以作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

To study hard is necessary.努力學(xué)習(xí)是有必要的。

To get up early is a good habit.早起是個(gè)好習(xí)慣。

(2)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),必須用形式主語(yǔ)。

It was decided to set up a new football club in our school.

已經(jīng)決定在我們學(xué)校建立一個(gè)新的足球俱樂(lè)部。

It is wanted to make big money by most people.許多人都想掙大錢。

(3)形式主語(yǔ):常用it來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ),代替不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)。

It is+名詞+to do sth.做……是……

It is+形容詞+to do sth.做……是……

It is+形容詞+for sb.to do sth.對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō),做……是……

It is+形容詞+of sb.to do sth.某人做…… 是……

It’s like sb.to do sth.像某人做某事的風(fēng)格

It seems/appears+形容詞+to do sth.做……看起來(lái)……

It takes sb.some time to do sth.做……花了某人多少時(shí)間

It’s up to sb.to do sth.由……決定

It is our duty to serve the people.

為人民服務(wù)是我們的責(zé)任。(真正主語(yǔ)to serve ...)

It is not easy to learn a foreign language.

學(xué)會(huì)一門外語(yǔ)是不容易的。(真正主語(yǔ)to learn ...)

It is difficult to do the job.做那項(xiàng)工作很困難。(真正主語(yǔ)to do ...)

It’s very necessary for us to practise listening and speaking.

我們很有必要練習(xí)聽(tīng)和說(shuō)。(真正主語(yǔ)for us to practice ...)

It is so nice of you to come to see me.

你來(lái)看我太好了。(真正主語(yǔ)of you to come ...)

It’s like him to leave the work to others.(真正主語(yǔ)to leave ...)

他就是這樣的一個(gè)人,總是把工作推給別人。

It seems good to have a drink now.

現(xiàn)在喝點(diǎn)什么倒還不錯(cuò)。(真正主語(yǔ)to have ...)

It took more than 100,000 slaves twenty years to build the Great Pyramid.

十萬(wàn)多個(gè)奴隸花了20年的時(shí)間建成了那座大金字塔。(真正主語(yǔ)to build ...)

It is up to parents to teach their children manners.

該由父母教孩子禮貌。(真正主語(yǔ)to teach ...)

2.作表語(yǔ)

(1)表示目的打算及具體內(nèi)容。

His wish was to become a skilful worker.他的愿望是要成為一名技術(shù)熟練的工人。

What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他的希望就是能被大學(xué)錄取。

(2)不定式被動(dòng)形式作表語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于can/could,should,ought to,must等意義。

You are to be rewarded.你應(yīng)該受到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(should)

It’s nowhere to be found.哪兒也找不到它。(can’t be)

These books are not to be sold.這些書不應(yīng)該賣掉。(ought not to be)

(3)表示“同意、安排、命令、決定、勸告、意愿、禁止”等。

They are to marry next week.他們將在下周結(jié)婚。(安排)

Children are not to smoke.兒童不準(zhǔn)吸煙。(禁止)

You must be persistent if you are to succeed.想要成功,就必須有毅力。(愿望)

(4)seem,appear,prove,turn out等后接to be不定式時(shí),可省略to be。

He seems (to be)ill.他似乎生病了。

The man turned out (to be)an cheater.這人竟是個(gè)騙子。

She proved (to be)a very strict teacher.她被證明是一位非常嚴(yán)格的老師。

He appeared (to be)about fifty years of age.他看起來(lái)大約50歲。

【提示】 主語(yǔ)中含有do的某種形式時(shí),作表語(yǔ)的不定式可省略to。

What he wanted to do was (to)help the old man.他想做的是要幫一下這個(gè)老人。

3.作賓語(yǔ)

(1)作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)

常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:

afford 負(fù)擔(dān)起    agree 同意    arrange 安排    attempt 打算

ask 要求       care 想要     choose 選擇     dare 敢于

decide 決定     demand 要求    determine 決心   expect 期待

fail 未能      hesitate 猶豫   hope 希望      intend 想要

learn 學(xué)習(xí)      long 渴望     manage 設(shè)法     offer 主動(dòng)

plan 計(jì)劃      prepare 準(zhǔn)備   pretend 假裝    promise 答應(yīng)

refuse 拒絕     seek 試圖     want 想要      wish 希望

We have decided not to go.我們決定不去了。

He has promised to get me a position.他答應(yīng)給我安排一個(gè)職位。

We have decided to experiment with a new method.我們決定用新方法進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。

We want to hear all about his adventure.我們想知道他奇遇的一切情況。

(2)“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)

I don’t know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。

I asked how to solve the problem.我問(wèn)如何解決這一問(wèn)題。

He forgot where to buy such a book.他忘了去哪兒買這樣一本書。

He has to learn how to collect water,hunt for food,and make fire.

他得學(xué)會(huì)收集淡水、尋找食物、生火什么的。

(3)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

I have no idea of who to do it.我不知道誰(shuí)去做此事。

They were concerned with what to deal with the problem.

他們關(guān)心的是如何解決問(wèn)題。

Your success will largely depend upon how to do it.

你成功與否將主要取決于你怎樣做。

They are discussing about where to give the lecture.他們正在討論在哪里舉行講座。

【提示】 介詞的賓語(yǔ)主要由“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。

4.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

(1)不省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

常用“vt.+sb.to do sth.” 句式的動(dòng)詞:

advise 勸告     allow 允許     ask 請(qǐng)求      bear 容忍

beg 乞求       cause 導(dǎo)致     command 命令    direct 指導(dǎo)

drive 驅(qū)使      elect 推舉     enable 使某人能夠  encourage 鼓勵(lì)

expect 期望     forbid 禁止     force 強(qiáng)迫     get 讓某人去

hate 討厭      help 幫助      intend 打算     invite 邀請(qǐng)

like 喜歡      mean 打算      need 需要      oblige 迫使

order 命令      permit 允許     persuade 說(shuō)服    prefer 寧愿

recommend 推薦    remind 提醒     request 要求    require 要求

teach 教育      tell 告訴      train 訓(xùn)練     trouble 麻煩

want 想要      warn 警告      wish 希望

The teacher asked us to finish our homework.老師叫我們完成家庭作業(yè)。

She wanted him to sing for her friends.她想讓他為她的朋友唱歌。

The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.警察告訴孩子們別在街上玩耍。

Please remind me to post this letter.請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐壹倪@封信。

【比較】

①I don’t allow/permit him to swim.我不允許他游泳。(不定式作賓補(bǔ))

I don’t allow/permit swimming here.我不許在此地游泳。(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ))

②I advise you to take medicine.我建議你吃藥。(不定式作賓補(bǔ))

I advise taking medicine.我建議吃藥。(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ))

(2)“to be不定式”作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

常用“vt.+sb.+to be ...”句式的動(dòng)詞:

acknowledge 承認(rèn)   believe 相信   consider 認(rèn)為   declare 宣稱

discover 發(fā)現(xiàn)     feel 感覺(jué)     find 找到     guess 猜想

imagine 想象     judge 判斷    know 知道     prove 證明

suppose 猜想     take 以為     think 認(rèn)為     understand 了解

I consider him to be the cleverest.我認(rèn)為他是最聰明的。

We discovered him to be a cheat.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)騙子。

I find English to be very easy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)很容易。

I supposed him to be away from home.我想他不在家。

【提示】

①這類句式后的不定式用進(jìn)行式或完成式時(shí),to be不能省略。

They believe him to be writing a new book.他們認(rèn)為他正在寫一本新書。

I consider the work to have been finished.我估計(jì)活已干完了。

②這類句式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ)+is done+to do/be doing/have done”。

The film is believed to be the best this year.這部電影被認(rèn)為是今年最好的。

He is believed to be writing a new book.人們認(rèn)為他正在寫一本新書。

They are supposed to have finished.他們應(yīng)該完成了。

③作短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁某人做某事   arrange for sb.to do sth.安排某人做某事

call on sb.to do sth.號(hào)召某人做某事    care for sb.to do sth.愿意某人做某事

count on sb.to do sth.指望某人做某事    depend on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事

long for sb.to do sth.盼望某人做某事    rely on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事

wait for sb.to do sth.等待某人做某事    would like sb.to do sth.希望某人去做某事

The government is appealing to everyone to save water.政府呼吁人人節(jié)約用水。

The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down again.鱷魚等著猴子再下來(lái)。

The chairman called on Mr Brown to speak.主席請(qǐng)布朗先生講話。

(4)省略to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

see 看到   watch 觀看    notice 注意  observe 觀察  look at 看著

hear 聽(tīng)到  listen to 聽(tīng)著  feel 感覺(jué)   make 使     let 讓    have 使

You must watch me carefully do everything.你必須仔細(xì)觀察我所做的一切。

I often hear him sing this song.我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到他唱這首歌。

I felt someone open my door.我感覺(jué)有人開(kāi)了我的門。

It will make the cabbage grow big and strong.它將使白菜長(zhǎng)得又大又壯。

【提示】 這類句式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to 要補(bǔ)出。

He was seen to write a letter.有人看見(jiàn)他寫了一封信。

(5)it作形式賓語(yǔ)

They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能把一切按時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好。(真正賓語(yǔ)to get ...)

She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.

她覺(jué)得沒(méi)有必要和他辯論。(真正賓語(yǔ)to argue ...)

Do you consider it better not to go? 你覺(jué)得不去更好嗎?(真正賓語(yǔ)not to go)

5.作定語(yǔ)

(1)主謂關(guān)系

He was the best man to do the job.他是做這工作的最佳人選。

Gina is the first to know my e-mail address.吉娜是第一個(gè)知道我電郵地址的。

You are the right person to do the job.你是做這項(xiàng)工作合適的人選。

She was the only one to survive in the air crash.她是空難中唯一幸存的人。

【提示】 the last ...to do sth.意為“最不可能的……”。

He is the last man I want to see.他是我最不想見(jiàn)的人。

She is the last woman in the world to be a farmer’s wife.她最不適宜作農(nóng)夫的妻子。

(2)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系

I have many letters to write.我有許多信要寫。

I have some clothes to wash.我有一些衣服要洗。

It was a game to remember.那是一場(chǎng)令人難忘的球賽。

【提示】

①在“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”中,不定式作定語(yǔ)要用及物動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式。

I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要(自己)做。

②如果動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后要加必要的介詞。

Give me a pen to write with.給我一只鋼筆寫字用。

Maria is a pleasant person to work with.和瑪麗亞一起工作真愉快。

He has no house to live in.他沒(méi)有房子住。

I have enough money to buy the book with.我有足夠的錢買這本書。

I lit a candle to read by.我點(diǎn)起蠟燭來(lái)看書。

(3)偏正關(guān)系:不定式常用于某些名詞后作定語(yǔ)。

ability 能力    ambition 志向     anxiety 焦慮    attempt 企圖

campaign 運(yùn)動(dòng)    chance 機(jī)會(huì)      courage 勇氣    decision 決定

desire 欲望     determination 決心   effort 努力     failure 失敗

refusal 拒絕    promise 許諾      tendency 趨勢(shì)

I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird.我做了一個(gè)像鳥兒一樣在天上飛的夢(mèng)。

I have a wish to go to college.我有一個(gè)上大學(xué)的愿望。

They made a plan to study English.他們制訂了一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的計(jì)劃。

Everyone has the right to speak at the meeting.人人都有在會(huì)議上講話的權(quán)利。

【提示】

①在idea,habit,method,purpose等詞后只用“of doing ...”作定語(yǔ)。

They got the happy idea of climbing the hill.他們想到爬山的好主意。

I am in the habit of rising early.我習(xí)慣早起。

②在way,pleasure,time,chance,opportunity,plan,power等詞后可用“to do sth.或of doing sth.”作定語(yǔ)。

Do you know the way of mastering English? 你知道精通英語(yǔ)之道嗎?

Do you know the way to master English?

【比較】

①She was on her way to catch the school bus.

她在趕搭校車的途中。(on one’s way to do ...)

②He is on his way to becoming a journalist.

他將會(huì)成為一名新聞?dòng)浾?。(on one’s way to do ...)

6.作狀語(yǔ)

(1)作目的狀語(yǔ)

We started early to avoid being late.我們一早就動(dòng)身免得遲到。

I came to hear the report.我是來(lái)聽(tīng)報(bào)告的。

【辨析】我一早動(dòng)身以便及時(shí)到達(dá)那里。

【正】To get there in time I started early.(to do置于句首,作目的狀語(yǔ))

【正】I started early to get there in time.(to do置于句末,作目的狀語(yǔ))

【正】In order to get there in time I started early.(in order to目的狀語(yǔ),置于句首)

【正】I started early in order to get there in time.(in order to目的狀語(yǔ),置于句末)

【正】I started early in order that I could get there in time.(in order that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句)

【誤】So as to get there in time I started early.(so as to 目的狀語(yǔ)不能置于句首)

【正】I started early so as to get there in time.(so as to 目的狀語(yǔ)只能置于句末)

【正】I started early so that I could get there in time.(so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句)

(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

He grew up to be a famous scholar.他長(zhǎng)大以后成了有名的學(xué)者。

I opened the door to find the room empty.我打開(kāi)門,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)房間是空的。

He woke up to find everyone gone.他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)人都走了。

不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的常用句式:

(1)“only to do ...”表示“出乎意料的結(jié)果”;

(2)“never to do ...” 表示“再也沒(méi)有……的結(jié)果”;

(3)“such/so ...as to do ...”表示“如此……以至于”;

(4)“adj./adv.+enough to do ...”表示“足以……”;

(5)“too ...to do ...”通常表示否定意義,意為“太……以致不能”。

He worked hard only to fail.他努力工作結(jié)果卻只有失敗。

They parted,never to see each other again.他們分手了,從此沒(méi)有再見(jiàn)面。

He isn’t old enough to join the army.他還不到參軍的年齡。

He runs fast enough to catch the bus.他跑得夠快,足以趕上公共汽車。

He is too small to join the Youth League.他的年齡太小,不能加入共青團(tuán)。

The water is too dirty to drink.水太臟,不能喝。

He was so kind as to be helpful to others.他非常友好,總是幫助別人。

His story is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.

他的經(jīng)歷這么悲慘,引起了我們的同情。

【提示】 “so ...as to do”句式中so接形容詞或副詞;“such ...as to do”句式中such接名詞。

(3)作原因狀語(yǔ)

The children jumped with joy to hear of the arrival of Father Christmas.

孩子們聽(tīng)說(shuō)圣誕老人來(lái)了就高興得跳了起來(lái)。

We were pleased to hear the good news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)好消息,我們很高興。(4)不定式作插入語(yǔ)

To tell the truth,I have no money with me.坦白地說(shuō),我身上沒(méi)帶錢。

Strange to say,his hair turned white during the night.

說(shuō)也奇怪,他的頭發(fā)一夜之間變白了。


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