高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)之名詞和冠詞

　　我們都知道，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是英語(yǔ)體系的鋼筋鐵骨，所有的口語(yǔ)及書(shū)面表達(dá)都需要依附英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法而成，其中高考時(shí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法更是貫穿了整張卷面。下面是小編整理的關(guān)于高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)之名詞和冠詞的資料，希望對(duì)你有所幫助。

　　[深化認(rèn)知]

　　一、名詞的固定搭配

　　1.動(dòng)詞have, keep, take, make, get, give, put等加名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)

　　have a good reputation　有個(gè)好的名聲

　　have an idea of 了解

　　have a sense of 有……意識(shí)

　　have a feeling of 有……感覺(jué)

　　have access to 可以獲得

　　have an advantage over 勝過(guò)，優(yōu)于

　　have the honor of (doing) sth. 很榮幸地做某事

　　keep a balance 保持平衡

　　take ...into account 考慮……

　　take advantage of 利用，趁……之機(jī)

　　make fun of 取笑，嘲弄

　　make use of 利用

　　make the best of 充分利用，妥善處理

　　get/lose contact with 與……取得/失去聯(lián)系

　　get relief 得到緩解

　　give a solution 給出解決方案

　　put ...into practice 將……付諸行動(dòng)

　　I have the honor of being your guide, and I'd like to give you a brief introduction to our trip today.

　　我很榮幸地成為你們的導(dǎo)游，首先簡(jiǎn)單地介紹一下我們今天的行程。

　　(2014·江西高考寫(xiě)作)So I suggest you should keep a balance between your study and entertainment, such as sports, listening to music and so on.

　　因此，我建議你應(yīng)該保持學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂(lè)之間的平衡，像運(yùn)動(dòng)、聽(tīng)音樂(lè)等。

　　(2015·湖南高考寫(xiě)作)There are certain factors I must take into account on my new invention.

　　在我的新發(fā)明中我必須考慮一些特定的因素。

　　Failure can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to make use of it.

　　一旦學(xué)會(huì)了利用失敗，那么失敗就能為你的生活作出積極的貢獻(xiàn)。

　　2.介詞后加名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)

　　at a loss 困惑;不知所措

　　in great demand 需求量很大

　　in quantity 大量，大批

　　in progress 在進(jìn)行中

　　in production 在產(chǎn)量方面

　　out of one's reach 某人夠不到

　　out of touch 失去聯(lián)系

　　out of sight 看不見(jiàn)

　　beyond recognition 辨認(rèn)不出來(lái)

　　with joy 十分高興

　　(2014·湖北高考寫(xiě)作)Faced with so many new things to learn, I was overcome by fear and was at a loss what to do.

　　面對(duì)這么多要學(xué)的新東西，我會(huì)感到恐懼，不知道該做什么。

　　At the exciting news, we jumped and cheered with joy.

　　聽(tīng)到這個(gè)讓人興奮的消息，我們高興得歡呼雀躍。

　　二、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)

　　1.單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的基本規(guī)則

　　(1)以­o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，常在詞尾加­s，但中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中下列名詞要加­es，它們是：黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。

　　但下列以­o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加­es，也可以加­s，它們是：zeros (zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos (volcanoes)火山。

　　(2)以­f或­fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，一般直接加­s，但下列以­f或­fe結(jié)尾的名詞需要把f或fe去掉，加­ves，它們是：為了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹(shù)葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半，即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。

　　但下列以­f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉f加­ves，也可以直接加­s，它們是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕，scarfs (scarves) 圍巾。

　　(3)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如果沒(méi)有主體名詞，則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：sons­in­law女婿;passers­by過(guò)路人;story­tellers講故事的人;breakfasts早餐;housewives 家庭主婦。

　　2.常見(jiàn)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞

　　Chinese 中國(guó)人;Japanese 日本人;sheep 綿羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工廠;fish 魚(yú);fruit 水果;crossroads 十字路口;horsepower 馬力;jin斤等。其中fish, fruit表示種類時(shí)，可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾，即fishes, fruits。

　　三、抽象名詞具體化

　　具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉降挠校?/p>

　　單詞 抽象名詞意義 具體化名詞意義 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 樂(lè)趣 令人高興的事 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美;美麗 美麗的人或事物 comfort 安慰;慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危險(xiǎn) 危險(xiǎn)的人或因素 delight 高興 令人高興的事 failure 失敗 失敗的人或事物 surprise 驚奇 令人驚奇的事情 shock 震驚 令人震驚的事情 pride 驕傲 令人驕傲的事情 honor 榮幸 令人榮幸的事情 The World Athletics Championships held in Beijing is recognized as a great success.

　　人們公認(rèn)在北京舉行的世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽是一項(xiàng)非常成功的賽事。

　　It's a great honor for me to be here today and share my experience of learning English with you.

　　我很榮幸今天在這里和大家一起分享我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　四、名詞所有格

　　1.表示有生命的名詞的所有格

　　情況 構(gòu)成 示例 不以s結(jié)尾的名詞 加­'s Mary's e­mail

　　Children's books 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 加­' the girls' dormitory

　　the teachers' reading­room [名師指津]　(1)若是幾個(gè)人共有，或幾個(gè)詞作為一個(gè)單位時(shí)，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“­'s”;若表示各自的所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞的末尾都要加“­'s”。如：Mary and Mike's desk, Mary's and Mike's mothers。

　　(2)表示“某某的家/店鋪”的名詞所有格，常常省略其名詞。如： at Mr White's, at the tailor's。

　　2.表示無(wú)生命的名詞的所有格

　　(1)通常用of所有格表示。

　　While e­commerce worries some merchants, it contributes to the development of delivery industry.

　　盡管電子商務(wù)使一些商人擔(dān)憂，但它促進(jìn)了快遞業(yè)的發(fā)展。

　　(2)表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、節(jié)日等的名詞通常用­'s所有格表示。

　　Beijing's parks 北京的公園

　　the factory's output 工廠的產(chǎn)量

　　3.雙重所有格

　　雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為：名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞的所有格。

　　Belinda, who is a friend of my sister's, possesses a rare intelligence.

　　貝琳達(dá)，我姐姐的一個(gè)朋友，擁有非凡的智慧。

　　[典題在線]

　?、?單句語(yǔ)法填空

　　1.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ語(yǔ)法填空)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting).

　　2.(2014·全國(guó)卷 Ⅰ 語(yǔ)法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

　　3.(2014·全國(guó)樣卷語(yǔ)法填空) Oh, dear. I really must be losing my memory/mind. Now, why did I put on my coat?

　　4.(2014·遼寧高考語(yǔ)法填空)Unbelievable!Oh ..., if you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.

　　5.(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ單選)India attained 不填 independence in 1947, after a long struggle.

　　6.(2012·山東高考單選)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

　?、?單句改錯(cuò)

　　1.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ短文改錯(cuò))The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.airs→air

　　2.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ短文改錯(cuò))One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. parent→parents

　　3.(2015·陜西高考短文改錯(cuò))Mum taught me some basic step of baking.step→steps

　　4.(2015·浙江高考短文改錯(cuò))My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.side→sides

　　5.(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ短文改錯(cuò))For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.第一個(gè)hour→hours

　　6.(2014·遼寧高考短文改錯(cuò))We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.time→times

　　[深化認(rèn)知]

　　一、不定冠詞a/an

　　1.不定冠詞的三種基本用法

　　(1)表示類指，或指某類中的任何一個(gè)。

　　(2013·福建高考單選)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's well­being and a dream of harmony, peace and development.

　　“中國(guó)夢(mèng)”是一個(gè)改善民生的夢(mèng)，是一個(gè)和諧、和平和發(fā)展的夢(mèng)。

　　(2)表示泛指，用于第一次提及的非特指的可數(shù)名詞前。因此由不定冠詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義，相當(dāng)于a certain。

　　The story happened in a small town in Victoria.

　　故事發(fā)生在維多利亞的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。

　　(3)表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有one強(qiáng)烈。

　　After a week's trip, he returned home, tired but very happy.

　　旅行了一周后，他回到了家，累但很高興。

　　2.不定冠詞的活用

　　(1)用在某些抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞前，使之具體化。

　　He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.

　　他在一個(gè)雨夜突然出現(xiàn)，這使我們非常吃驚。

　　(2)不定冠詞用于序數(shù)詞前，強(qiáng)調(diào)“再一，又一”。

　　He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.

　　他在跳高比賽中沒(méi)有贏得金牌，但是，在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有一次(獲得金牌的)機(jī)會(huì)。

　　(3)當(dāng)表示一日三餐的名詞和專有名詞前有形容詞修飾的時(shí)候，用不定冠詞。

　　I'm sure this outing will last long, so bring a packed lunch.

　　我敢肯定這次郊游會(huì)持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，所以請(qǐng)帶上自備的午餐。

　　(4)“a most+形容詞”表示“很……”，most在句中無(wú)最高級(jí)含義，有“很，非常”的意思，相當(dāng)于very。

　　a most famous actress 　　很出名的女演員

　　(5)用于某些習(xí)慣用法，如at an early age, have a look, play a trick on, in a hurry, develop a preference for等。

　　(2013·浙江高考單選)People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning.

　　人們?cè)诤苄〉臅r(shí)候便養(yǎng)成對(duì)某種特別的學(xué)習(xí)方式的偏愛(ài)，這些偏愛(ài)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有影響。

　　二、定冠詞的用法

　　1.定冠詞的四種基本用法

　　(1)表示特指的人或物，或者雙方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或事物。

　　I have the pleasure to say that you are the very person we are looking for.

　　我很高興地說(shuō)，你就是我們要找的人。

　　(2)用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的人或物、自然現(xiàn)象、發(fā)明物之前。

　　It is known to us that the earth goes around the sun.

　　我們都知道地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。

　　I don't know who invented the iPhone, but I think it is a useful invention.

　　我不知道是誰(shuí)發(fā)明了iPhone，但是我認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)有用的發(fā)明。

　　[名師指津]　表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物的名詞前有修飾語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，用不定冠詞。如：a peaceful world“ 一個(gè)和平的世界”;a bright moon “一輪明月”。

　　(3)用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)前。

　　(2013·陜西高考單選)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.

　　據(jù)說(shuō)在十三世紀(jì)馬可·波羅去爪哇島途中曾航行經(jīng)過(guò)太平洋。

　　(2014·安徽高考寫(xiě)作)The most important thing is to learn and control your temper so that you may not do or say anything you'll regret.

　　最重要的是學(xué)會(huì)控制你的脾氣，這樣你可能就不會(huì)說(shuō)使你后悔的話。

　　(4)用在樂(lè)器名詞前，表示演奏，但“play+表示中國(guó)樂(lè)器的名詞(如erhu二胡，pipa琵琶)”中，名詞前不用冠詞。

　　I play the trumpet in the school band.

　　我在學(xué)校樂(lè)隊(duì)中演奏小號(hào)。

　　2.定冠詞的活用

　　(1)用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人或夫妻倆;或用于形容詞/分詞前，表示一類人或物。

　　The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.

　　受傷的人被立刻送到了最近的醫(yī)院。

　　(2)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。

　　in the 1990's 　　　在20世紀(jì)90年代

　　(3)用在表示單位的名詞前。

　　—It's said John will be in a job paying over D|S60，000 a year.

　　—Right, he will also get paid by the week.

　　——據(jù)說(shuō)約翰將擁有一份年收入超過(guò)60 000美元的工作。

　　——是的，而且會(huì)按周獲得報(bào)酬。

　　(4)用在表示身體部位的名詞前，表示“打、抓住某人身體的某個(gè)部位”。

　　An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.

　　一個(gè)蘋(píng)果從樹(shù)上落下，砸在了他的頭上。

　　三、零冠詞的用法

　　1.零冠詞的五種基本用法

　　(1)在不可數(shù)名詞或可名詞復(fù)數(shù)前表示泛指不用冠詞。

　　(2014·山東高考閱讀D)He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.

　　他下班回家，會(huì)問(wèn)他的孩子們是否刷了牙。

　　The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.

　　史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館，但去年夏天他們?cè)诤＿呉患也诲e(cuò)的旅館住了幾天。

　　(2)不含普通名詞的專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞，人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。

　　It's generally acknowledged that music can bring people pleasure.

　　普遍認(rèn)為音樂(lè)能給人們帶來(lái)樂(lè)趣。

　　(3)季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐的名詞表示泛指時(shí)，其前不加冠詞。

　　March 8 is Women's Day, and June 1 is Children's Day.

　　3月8日是婦女節(jié)，6月1日是兒童節(jié)。

　　Tom usually goes to school without having breakfast, which I think is a bad habit.

　　湯姆通常不吃早餐就去上學(xué)，我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。

　　(4)在稱呼語(yǔ)、學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。

　　Tom is playing chess with his friend Mike happily while his sister is studying physics.

　　湯姆正在和他的朋友邁克高興地下國(guó)際象棋，而他的姐姐在學(xué)習(xí)物理。

　　(5)表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二的頭銜、職務(wù)名詞作表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般不加冠詞。常用的名詞有king, president, chairman, monitor, head等。

　　Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”

　　這所學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)Peter Spence博士告訴我們：“五分之一的學(xué)生將繼續(xù)到牛津或劍橋大學(xué)深造。”

　　2.零冠詞的活用

　　(1)系動(dòng)詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語(yǔ)不用冠詞。

　　His brother has turned writer, which surprises me a lot.

　　他弟弟已成為一名作家，這令我很吃驚。

　　(2)“零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”意為“盡管……但是……”。

　　Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.

　　盡管他是個(gè)英雄，但是他也有一些缺點(diǎn)。

　　(3)用在“名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。

　　The teacher came in, book in hand.

　　老師手里拿著一本書(shū)走了進(jìn)來(lái)。

　　[典題在線]

　　Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空

　　1.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ語(yǔ)法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

　　2.(2015·廣東高考語(yǔ)法填空) Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned.

　　3.(2015·重慶高考單選)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.

　　4.(2015·四川高考單選)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.

　　5.(2015·浙江高考單選)Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.

　　6.(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ語(yǔ)法填空)Now, years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

　　7.(2014·廣東高考語(yǔ)法填空)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on the top floor.

　　8.(2014·浙江高考單選)The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days a week, often long into the night.

　?、?單句改錯(cuò)

　　1.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ短文改錯(cuò))Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.countryside前加the

　　2.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ短文改錯(cuò))When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city.the_→a

　　3.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ短文改錯(cuò))A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.a→the

　　4.(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ短文改錯(cuò))As result, the plants are growing everywhere.As后加a

　　5.(2014·遼寧高考短文改錯(cuò))Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.第一個(gè)a→an

　　6.(2014·陜西高考短文改錯(cuò))That day I didn't learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!a→an

　　7.After about half a hour, the rain stopped and I went home.a→an

　　8.What happened just now shows a knowledge of first aid can make real difference in an emergency.make后加a

　　9.Here is a very person we are looking for, one with a good knowledge of German.第一個(gè)a→the

　　10.She was born in 1974 and has played piano since the age of six.played后加the

　　對(duì)點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)即時(shí)鞏固·提升知能

　?、?單句語(yǔ)法填空

　　1.(2016·東北三省四市第一次聯(lián)合考試)Mr. Li has some trouble sleeping, so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common practice (practical).

　　2.(2016·廈門(mén)質(zhì)檢)—We've been destroying lots of forests every year.

　　—What a shame!We'll be the victims (victim) of our own foolish behavior.

　　3.(2016·吉林省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三二模)The police are trying to find out the identity (identify) of the woman murdered in the bathroom.

　　4.If you want to improve your working efficiency, it will be a must for you to make the most of your time.

　　5.(2016·蘭州一診)—Well, that is one of the most expensive hotels in town, I'm afraid.

　　—Do you mean we'd better choose a cheaper one?

　　6.We Chinese have a dream — a dream to turn a well­off life into a reality by 2020.

　　7.It is a great pleasure for me to give a speech on the nature of human beings.

　　8.The viewers will have a second chance to watch The Voice of China on Channel 4 tonight.

　　9.(2016·邢臺(tái)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))—Making a lecture in public is the last thing I want to do.

　　—Just have a try. I am sure you can make it.

　　10.The young boss couldn't remember when the story happened exactly, but it might be a winter morning when he was in London.

　?、?單句改錯(cuò)

　　1.I am Li Hua. This is my last year of high school, and I'll graduate this summer. I'm eighteen year old.第二個(gè)year→years

　　2.If you go to the party, it is polite to arrive on time. It is good manners to shake hand with your host. hand→hands

　　3.Finally we climbed Mount Hua. It is very high and steep. We had to be careful in case we might fall off the cliff. It took us six hour to get to the summit. hour→hours

　　4.In our country, every child has the chance to receive an education.去掉an

　　5.I have visited many cities since the September 2006.去掉the

　　6.(2016·合肥質(zhì)檢)We all know that the man is the most developed animal in the world.去掉第一個(gè)the

　　7.(2016·河北省畢業(yè)班質(zhì)檢)I'm cheerful boy.Besides my courses, I have many hobbies, like playing football, playing basketball and swimming.cheerful前加a

　　8.(2016·山西省高考考前質(zhì)量檢測(cè))There I saw a guitar player playing guitar, which I really enjoyed.第二個(gè)guitar前加the_

　　9.He would greet us in a tree outside our bedroom, calling “hello” as we lay in bed in the morning.a→the

　　10.Simply email or message a introduction with your name and a few hobbies.第一個(gè)a→an

　　Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空

　　(2016·河南省普通高中高考適應(yīng)性測(cè)試)Once, in a lovely garden, lived 1.the most beautiful butterfly in the world. She was so pretty, and had won so many beauty 2.contests (contest) that she had become very proud. One day, the naughty cockroach (蟑螂) got fed up with her showing off, and decided to teach her 3.a lesson.

　　She went to see the butterfly, and in front of everyone she said that 4.the butterfly wasn't really that beautiful, and that the butterfly only won the 5.competitions (compete) because the judges had been paid. In 6.reality (real), the cockroach was the most beautiful.

　　The butterfly was angry and said to the cockroach, “I will beat you in 7.a beauty contest, with whichever judges you yourself choose.”

　　“OK, I accept. See you on Saturday，” answered the cockroach, and left without waiting for 8.a reply.

　　That Saturday everyone went to 9.the beauty contest. The butterfly arrived completely confident of victory until she saw who the judges were: cockroaches, worms, beetles. All of them preferred the ugliness and bad smell of the cockroach.

　　The butterfly left sobbing and disappointed, wanting never to enter another beauty contest in her life. Fortunately, the cockroach forgave the butterfly for her 10.pride (proud) and they became friends.