定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)

　　(一)定語(yǔ)從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

　　1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

　　2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why

　　關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用， 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。

　　e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ))

　　The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語(yǔ))

　　3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ);2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which ，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);3)先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);4)whose用作定語(yǔ)，可指人或物;5)關(guān)系副詞when(指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where(指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))，why(指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ))。

　　(二)限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　1、限制性定語(yǔ)從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。

　　e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語(yǔ)從句，意思就不完整)

　　2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。

　　e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來(lái)翻譯)

　　(三)使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)特別注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

　　1、that與which的區(qū)別。

　　1)用that而不用 which的情況：①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;②先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾;③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

　　e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒(méi)有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

　　The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。

　　This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過(guò)的最好的一部。

　　Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的外國(guó)人。

　　2)用which而不用 that的情況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;②代表整個(gè)主句的意思;③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。

　　e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒(méi)有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。

　　This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過(guò)的房子。

　　3)as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法

　?、賏s引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。

　　e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。

　　②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

　　e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。

　　3)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別

　　①當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用as;反之，用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.

　　He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

　?、诋?dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)。

　　e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。

　　e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很流利。

　　The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

　　3. 定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開。

　　e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

　　4. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞 + which”來(lái)代替。

　　e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

　　5. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開。

　　e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

　　6. 介詞在關(guān)系代詞前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略;介詞在句尾，關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語(yǔ)中也可用who，且可省略。

　　e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.