英語中有一種特殊的動詞,它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語,我們把這種不能作謂語的動詞稱為非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞主要有動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種形式。
動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種,由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。其中的to為動詞不定式符號,to有時可以省略。省略to的動詞不定式叫不帶to的動詞不定式。動詞不定式可簡稱為不定式。動詞不定式與其后的賓語或狀語等被稱為不定式短語。動詞不定式短語具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的功能,在句中可作主語、表語、定語、賓語、賓語補足語、狀語等,但不能作謂語。
1.動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
動詞不定式有肯定和否定兩種形式;動詞不定式的肯定式也可有各種時態(tài)及語態(tài)形式,常用的有:一般式、進行式、完成式和被動式。
(1)動詞不定式的肯定式
We want to visit the factory.我們想去參觀那家工廠。(一般式)
He seems to be reading the book.他好像在讀那本書。(進行式)
I remember to have told you about it.我記得告訴過你這件事。(完成式)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long.對不起讓你久等了。(完成式)
The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to Europe.在去歐洲之前,這輛車必須修理一下。(被動式)
(2)動詞不定式的否定式
動詞不定式的否定式在不定式前直接加not,構(gòu)成not to do結(jié)構(gòu);不帶to的不定式在動詞原形前加not,構(gòu)成not do結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The teacher told us not to be late again.老師告訴我們不要再遲到了。
My father made me not play computer games too long.我父親不讓我玩太長時間的電腦游戲。
2.動詞不定式的功能及特征
(1)不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生。如:
She seems to know all .她似乎什么都知道。
I hope to see you next week.我希望下周見到你。
(2)不定式的進行式表示動作正在進行,并與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。如:
Don't pretend to be working hard .不要假裝在努力工作。
He seems to be thinking deeply ,without noticing me.他似乎陷入了深思,沒注意到我。
(3)不定式的完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。如:
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.對不起,給你添了這么多麻煩。
Mary is said to have known the secret.據(jù)說瑪麗已經(jīng)知道了這個秘密。
(4)不定式的被動式表示不定式的邏輯主語是不定式的承受者。如:
Our classroom needs to be cleaned every day.我們的教室需要每天打掃。
(5)動詞不定式具有動詞的特征,可以有自己的賓語、狀語。動詞不定式與其賓語或狀語一起構(gòu)成不定式短語來充當句子成分。如:
The girl likes to play the piano .那個女孩喜歡彈鋼琴。
He told me to drive carefully .他告訴我要小心駕駛。
3.動詞不定式的7種用法
動詞不定式短語具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補足語。
(1)作主語
動詞不定式短語作主語,可以放在句子前,也可以放在句子后。如:
To study hard is necessary.努力學習是有必要的。
To get up early is a good habit.早起床是個好習慣。
It is necessary to study hard.=To study hard is necessary.努力學習是有必要的。
注意:
①動詞不定式作主語,常常用it作形式主語,放在句子的開頭,真正主語動詞不定式短語放在句子后面,漢語翻譯時要符合漢語習慣,仍然翻譯在句子前面。如:
It is a good habit to get up early.=To get up early is a good habit.早起床是一個好習慣。
②不定式短語作主語,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如:
To learn English well is not easy.學好英語是不容易的。
③動詞不定式短語作主語的常用句型:
■It+be+名詞+to do sth.如:
It is our duty to serve the people.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責。
■It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.如:
It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.每天做作業(yè)花費我兩個小時的時間。
■It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do sth.如:
It is dangerous for the children to play in the street.對孩子們來說在街上玩耍是危險的。
■It+be+形容詞+of sb.+to do sth.如:
It is kind of you to help me with my English.你幫我學英語真是太好了。
(2)作表語
動詞不定式短語作表語,放在連系動詞之后。如:
The most important thing is to cut off the electricity .最重要的是切斷電源。
Her wish is to be a teacher .她的愿望就是當一名教師。
She seems to be very happy today.今天她好像很快樂。
注意:
seem作連系動詞,其后的to be不定式可以省略。如:
He seems to be ill.=He seems ill.=It seems that he is ill.他似乎生病了。
(3)作賓語
動詞不定式短語作賓語,放在及物動詞之后作動詞的賓語。如:
I can't afford to buy a car.我買不起汽車。
Remember to post the letter.記住把信寄了。
I hope to be staying with you.我希望和你住在一起。
注意:
①不定式不僅用作動詞的賓語,還可用作個別介詞(如but,except等)的賓語:如:
I had no choice but to wait.除了等,我沒有別的選擇。
It had no effect except to make him angry.除惹他生氣外,沒產(chǎn)生任何效果。
②當作賓語的不定式短語后有賓語補足語時,通常要用it作形式賓語,將真正賓語即動詞不定式短語置于賓語補足語之后。如:
I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.我發(fā)現(xiàn)學好日語不容易。
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)把一切按時準備好是不可能的。
■動詞不定式短語作賓語的常用動詞有:
We have decided not to go.我們決定不去了。
He has promised to get me a position.他答應(yīng)給我安插一個職位。
We want to hear all about his adventure.我們想知道他這場奇遇的一切。
注意:
“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語。動詞不定式可以和疑問詞連用構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語作動詞的賓語。如:
I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
I asked how to solve the problem.我問該如何解決這個問題。
He forgot where to buy such a book.他忘了去哪兒買這樣一本書。
(4)作定語
動詞不定式短語作定語,放在它所修飾的名詞之后。如:
I have a letter to answer .我有一封信要回復(fù)。
Liu Ying was the girl to meet you .劉英就是來接你的那個女孩子。
I have some clothes to wash .我有些衣服要洗。
I have a wish to go to college .我有一個上大學的愿望。
注意:
①不定式短語作定語時,放在所修飾的名詞之后,表示將要發(fā)生的動作。如:
We have much work to do .我們有很多工作要做。
②不定式短語作定語,某些動詞與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有主謂關(guān)系,即所修飾的名詞是動詞不定式的邏輯主語。如:
Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning.今天早晨李蕾是第一個進教室的學生。
③不定式短語作定語,某些動詞與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有動賓關(guān)系,即所修飾的名詞是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語。如:
Do you have anything to do now?你現(xiàn)在有事情要做嗎?
④當不定式短語與所修飾的名詞或代詞有動賓關(guān)系時,不定式中的動詞須為及物動詞,若是不及物動詞,不定式后須加上一個適當?shù)慕樵~。如:
Go ahead,please.I have a friend to wait for.請先走吧,我還要等個朋友。
There's nothing to worry about.沒有什么可擔心的。
⑤不定式短語作定語,不定式有時與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間有說明關(guān)系,即不定式是中心詞的內(nèi)容。如:
I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird .我做了一個夢,夢里我像鳥兒在天上飛。
(5)作賓語補足語
動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語,放在賓語的后面,表示賓語是什么或怎么樣。動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語有to do和to be兩種形式。
①謂語+賓語+to do
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫建議他好好休息。
They warned me not to go this way.他們警告我不要走這條路。
Please remind me to post this letter.請?zhí)嵝盐壹倪@封信。
②謂語+賓語+to be
I find English to be very easy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)英語很容易。
I know him to be dependable.我知道他是可靠的。
注意:
①動詞不定式作賓語補足語時,不定式符號to在使役動詞let,make,have和感官動詞see,hear,watch,notice,feel等后面須省略to,但在被動語態(tài)中,to不能省略。如:
The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past.過去老板讓工人們每天工作十多個小時。
The workers were made to work over ten hours a day.過去工人們被迫一天工作十多個小時。
I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike.我看見李蕾從自行車上摔了下來。
Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike.李蕾被看到從自行車上摔了下來。
②動詞help后跟動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語時,不定式符號to可省略,也可不省略。如:
He often comes to help us (to)do some farming work.他經(jīng)常來幫我們干農(nóng)活。
③動詞hope等后不能跟動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語,若表達“希望某人干某事”時要用賓語從句來表示。如:
(誤)I hope you to come earlier.我希望你早點來。
(正)I hope you will come earlier.我希望你早點來。
類似的單詞還有agree,suggest,insist,demand等。
(6)作狀語
動詞不定式短語作狀語,可表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件和方式等。
①作目的狀語
動詞不定式短語作目的狀語時,不定式短語可放在句子的前面,也可放在句子的末尾。在句子前面時,不定式常與句子用逗號隔開;在句子末尾時,一般不用逗號隔開。如:
To get there on time,we set out at five in the morning.為了按時到達那兒,我們早晨五點就出發(fā)了。
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air.他去那兒享受那里的新鮮空氣。
注意:
to do,in order to do,so as to do都可作目的狀語表示目的,意為“為了……”,但to do,in order to do的位置既可在句首,也可在句末;而so as to do只能在句末。如:
In order to build a house,he bought some wood and steel yesterday.=He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house.=He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house.為了建房子,昨天他買來了木料和鋼材。
②作結(jié)果狀語
動詞不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語,一般置于句子末尾。如:
I went to the classroom,to discover it empty.我走到教室,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)教室是空的。
He grew up to be a famous doctor.他長大以后成為了一名有名的醫(yī)生。
I opened the door to find the room empty.我打開門,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)房間是空的。
He woke up to find everyone gone.他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)人都走了。
注意:
不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:
①用于終結(jié)性動詞find,see,hear,learn,discover的不定式,常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,并且不定式前常有never,only等副詞修飾。如:
I hurried to the railway station yesterday,(only)to find that the train had left.昨天我急急忙忙趕到火車站時,發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。
②用于“so+adj./adv.+as+to do”句型中。如:
The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year.這里景色非常美,每年都要吸引很多人來。
③用于“adj./adv.+enough+to do”句型中。如:
He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei.他跑得很快,結(jié)果趕上了李雷。
④用于“so+adj./adv.+a(n)+n.+as+to do”句型中。如:
This is so interesting a story as to interest children.這是個很有趣的故事,孩子們非常感興趣。
⑤用于“such+adj./adv.+n.+as+to do”中。如:
She is such a good girl to help you make great progress.她是個非常好的姑娘,幫助你取得了很大的進步。
⑥用于“too+adj./adv.+to do”句型中。如:
They went too slowly to catch the early bus.他們走得太慢了,結(jié)果沒能趕上早班車。
③作原因狀語
動詞不定式短語作原因狀語時,通常位于表示“高興、愉快、生氣、自豪、遺憾”等形容詞(glad,pleased,excited,angry,proud,sad,worried,sorry)之后,說明主語產(chǎn)生某種心情、情感的原因。如:
I'm very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party.聽說李雷被選為了黨委書記,我很高興。
I'm sorry to have troubled you so much.對不起,給你添了這么多麻煩。
④作條件狀語
動詞不定式作條件狀語從句時,一般放在句首。如:
To be heated,liquid will change into gas.如果受熱,液體就會變成氣體。
⑤作方式狀語
動詞不定式短語可接在as if/as though之后作方式狀語。如:
He moved his mouth as if to say something.他的嘴唇動了動,好像要說什么事似的。
(7)作獨立成分
動詞不定式短語作獨立成分,獨立于句子之外,具有引出下文的作用。如:
To tell the truth,I have no money with me.坦白地說,我身上沒帶錢。
Strange to say,his hair turned white during the night.說也奇怪,他的頭發(fā)一夜之間變白了。
注意:
常用作獨立成分的動詞不定式短語有:
①to tell the truth老實地說,坦白地說
②to make a long story short簡單地說
③glad/sorry/sad to say說來很高興/難過/可悲
④needless/strange to say不用說/說也奇怪
⑤to return to the subject/our muttons言歸正傳
⑥to begin/start with首先
⑦to be sure的確,當然
⑧to pass to another subject換個話題
⑨t(yī)o say nothing of更不用說
⑩to make matters/things worse更糟的是
4.疑問詞+不定式
動詞不定式短語可以和疑問詞連用,組成“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)相當于一個名詞性從句,在句中可作主語、表語和及物動詞或介詞的賓語等。如:
How to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.怎樣停止對河流的污染是一個大問題。(作主語)
The question is how to start the work .問題是怎樣開始這項工作。(作表語)
I hardly know what to say before you .我?guī)缀醪恢涝谀忝媲霸撜f什么。(作動詞賓語)
He thought a lot about how to improve the crop .他對如何提高收成考慮了很多。(作介詞賓語)
注意:
①“疑問詞+不定式”常作下列動詞的賓語:tell,advise,show,teach,decide,discuss,learn,forget等,這時不定式的邏輯主語須與主句的主語或賓語保持一致,否則用賓語從句。如:
I don't know what to do.=I don't know what I'll do.我不知道我該做什么。
②下列動詞discover,explain,find out,wonder常接“how+不定式”短語作賓語。如:
I discovered how to solve the problem.我發(fā)現(xiàn)如何解決此問題。
He explained how to use the parachute.他解釋如何使用降落傘。
She found out how to work quickly.她找到加快工作速度的方法。
They wonder how to finish the job.他們想知道如何完成這工作。
③動詞show,know只能跟 “疑問詞+to do”作賓語,不能接動詞不定式。如:
Will you please show me how to get to the nearest bank?你能告訴我去最近的銀行怎么走嗎?
I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
5.動詞不定式的兩個重要句型
(1)for sb.to do sth.
for sb.to do sth.短語在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。如:
It is important for you to find a job.對你來說找份工作是重要的。(作主語)
It isn't right for people to laugh at others.人們嘲笑別人是不對的。(作主語)
It is important for us to learn English well.對我們來說學好英語是重要的。(作主語)
I consider it necessary for her to learn French.我認為她需要學法語。(作賓語)
The best thing is for us to make our own decision.對我們來說最好的事情是自己做決定。(作表語)
It's time for us to go to bed.現(xiàn)在是我們睡覺的時候了。(作定語)
There's no reason for you to be late.你沒有理由遲到。(作定語)
There is a lot of work for us to do.有許多工作要我們做。(作定語)
He opened the gate for the car to enter.他打開大門讓汽車進來。(作目的狀語)
The lesson is too easy for them to read.這一課對他們來說太容易了。(作結(jié)果狀語)
注意:
該結(jié)構(gòu)中for后的sb.是動詞不定式的邏輯主語,即to do這一動作的執(zhí)行者。與此句型常用的形容詞有:important,necessary,difficult,easy,impossible,wonderful等。如:
It is wonderful for us to have received so many gifts.我們收到了這么多禮物,真好。
It is impossible for him to solve the problem.對他來說解決這個問題是不可能的。
(2)of sb.to do sth.
of sb.to do sth.短語常用于“It's+形容詞+of sb.to do sth”句型中。如:
It's silly of you to do such a thing.做這樣的事你真傻。
It's wrong of the other children to make fun of you.別的孩子取笑你是不對的。
注意:
①此句型常用的形容詞有:nice,kind,good,right,wrong,wise,silly,rude,polite,careless,foolish,brave,honest,lazy,selfish,clever,stupid,impolite,careful 等。
②在of sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中,sb.可與句中的形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。否則就用for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
It is really kind of you to help me so much.對我?guī)椭@么多你真是太好了。
you are really kind to help me so much.
It was silly of you to trust such a man.你竟然相信這樣一個人,真是太愚蠢了。
you were silly to trust such a man.
6.省略動詞不定式的7種情況
(1)動詞后不定式的省略。常見的這類動詞有:like,love,hope,wish,mean,want,refuse,try,advise等。如:
— Have you decided to go abroad?你決定去國外嗎?
— Yes,I have decided to.是的,我決定去。
— Are you and Mary getting married?你和瑪麗快要結(jié)婚了嗎?
— We hope to.我們希望如此。
If you don't want to speak at the meeting,you don't need to.如果你不想在會上講話,你可以不講。
My parents hoped I would study medicine,but I didn't want to.我父母希望我學醫(yī),但我不想學。
I meant to do it,but forgot to.我是想去做,但忘記了。
You may bring the dictionary with you if you want to.如果你要帶詞典的話,就帶著吧。
I shall go if you wish me to.如果你希望我去,我就去。
(2)形容詞后不定式的省略。常見的形容詞有:happy,glad,ready,afraid等。如:
— Would you come and spend holiday with me?你愿意來和我一起度假嗎?
— I'd be glad to.我很愿意。
I meant to destroy it from the first,but I was afraid to.我一開始就想毀掉它,但我不敢。
(3)賓語補足語和主語補足語中不定式的省略。常見可帶補足語的動詞有:ask,tell,order,advise,wish,allow,force,invite等。如:
If he doesn't want to go there,you can't force him to.如果他不想去那兒,你不能強迫他去。
He didn't come though we had invited him to.盡管我們已邀請他來,但他沒有來。
(4)第二個句子重復(fù)了第一句的不定式,可用to來代替,省去后面的動詞原形。如:
— Would you like to go for a walk?你愿意去散步嗎?
— Yes,I'd like to.是的,我愿意去。
— Would you like to come to dinner tonight?你今晚愿意來吃飯嗎?
— I'd like to,but I am too busy.我愿意,但我很忙。
(5)在某些固定詞組如ought to,have to,used to,be able to,be going to等后也可承前省略不定式中的動詞。如:
— Should I start at once?我應(yīng)當立刻開始嗎?
— Yes,you ought to.是的,你應(yīng)當立刻開始。
I would like to attend the meeting but I'm afraid I won't be able to.我愿意參加這個會,但我恐怕去不了。
Don't stop unless you have to.除非不得已,否則不要停下來。
(6)常用不帶to的不定式句型
①had better do sth.最好做某事
②would rather do sth.寧愿做某事
③cannot but do sth.只好做某事
④do nothing but do sth.只好做某事
⑤have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事
⑥Why not do sth.?為什么不做某事?
(7)多個動詞不定式由and或or連接使用時,除第一個以外,后面的動詞不定式均可省略to。如:
I wrote this letter in order to persuade and encourage Mary.為了說服并鼓勵瑪麗我寫了這封信。
I didn't know whether to sit or stand.我不知道是坐還是站。
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