副詞是表示行為特征的詞,主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,也可用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)以及句子,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、疑問(wèn)等。
1.ago和before
ago 表示“……以前”,是指以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)的“以前”,通常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí);before 表示“……以前”,指以過(guò)去的時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)的以前,還可以單獨(dú)使用表示“以前”,常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
He arrived here two hours ago .他是兩小時(shí)前到達(dá)的這兒。
He said that he had seen her two days before .他說(shuō)他兩天前見(jiàn)到過(guò)她。
I have never been there before .我以前從未去過(guò)那里。
注意:
before還可用作連詞和介詞表示“在……以前”,而ago只用作副詞不能用作連詞和介詞。
2.almost和nearly
almost 和nearly 都表示“幾乎、差不多”,其用法區(qū)別是:
(1)almost 可以和no,never,none,nothing,nobody等表示否定意義的詞連用,而nearly 不能和這些詞連用。如:
The speaker said almost nothing worth listening.演講者幾乎沒(méi)講出什么值得聽(tīng)的東西。
(2)almost 可用在more than,too之前,nearly 不能。如:
That's almost too much.那簡(jiǎn)直太過(guò)分了。
(3)nearly 可以和not連用,not nearly 是“遠(yuǎn)不如”的意思,而almost 不與not單獨(dú)使用。如:The money will not be nearly enough for my journey.這錢遠(yuǎn)不夠我旅行用。
(4)當(dāng)表示“接近”或“就要到了”時(shí),用nearly ;而表達(dá)“不足”或“尚差一點(diǎn)兒”時(shí)用almost 。如:The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.那球重重地打在他身上,他幾乎就要掉下水去。
Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true.尋找丟失的金銀財(cái)寶的夢(mèng)想幾乎實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
注意:
一般來(lái)說(shuō),almost和nearly有時(shí)候可以通用,但almost的差距要比nearly小,如果說(shuō)再有五分鐘就吃午飯了,可說(shuō):It's almost lunch time.馬上就開(kāi)午飯了。如果說(shuō)距離吃午飯時(shí)間還有十五分鐘,就應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō):It's nearly lunch time.快到午飯時(shí)間了。
3.aloud,loud和loudly
■aloud 表示“高聲地、大聲地”,常與read,think等詞連用,指這些動(dòng)作發(fā)出的聲音,具有使人能聽(tīng)得到的意味,總位于動(dòng)詞的后面。aloud 無(wú)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式,也不用程度副詞修飾。如:Please read this passage aloud .請(qǐng)大聲朗讀這篇文章。
■loud 表示“大聲地、響亮地、高聲地”,常與talk,speak,shout,laugh,sing等詞連用,指談、笑、說(shuō)、叫、唱或哭的嗓門高、聲音大,在句子中多用比較級(jí)形式。如。I can't hear you.Please speak a little louder .我聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)你說(shuō)的話。請(qǐng)大點(diǎn)聲說(shuō)。
■loudly 表示“大聲地、高聲地”,多含有喧鬧之意,往往有令人討厭或打擾別人的意思,可位于動(dòng)詞之前或之后。如:Don't talk so loudly .I'm listening to a story.別大聲吵嚷了。我在聽(tīng)講故事。
4.already和yet
already 和yet 通常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。already 用于肯定句,置于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前,助動(dòng)詞后,表示“已經(jīng)”,yet 用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句,通常置于句末;yet 在疑問(wèn)句中意為“已經(jīng)”,在否定句中意為“還”。如:
He has already come back.他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
Have you finished your homework yet ?你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了嗎?
I haven't finished my homework yet .我還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。
注意:
①already有時(shí)也用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:
He was already in the room when I arrived.當(dāng)我到達(dá)的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)在房間里了。
②already有時(shí)用于疑問(wèn)句中,但往往含有驚訝、驚奇的意味。如:
It's only ten o'clock.Is he back already?才十點(diǎn)鐘,他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了?
Have you eaten your dinner already?你已經(jīng)吃飯了嗎?
③not yet意思是“還沒(méi)有”,常用于口語(yǔ)中,可直接回答完成時(shí)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句。如:
— Have you taken your medicine?你吃藥了嗎?
— Not yet.還沒(méi)有。
5.also,too,either和as well
■also 表示“也”,在用法上比too正式,多用于書面語(yǔ)或正式的場(chǎng)合,口語(yǔ)中用得較少,一般只用于肯定句,在句中位于be、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的后面,行為動(dòng)詞的前面,而不放在句子末尾。有時(shí)候also 也可放在否定的陳述句中,但不能放在否定詞的后面。如:
He can speak English and he can also speak French.他會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ),也會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。
He did not know about it and I also did not know about it.他不知道那件事,我也不知道。
■too 表示“也”,常用于口語(yǔ),通常用于肯定句中,也可用于一般疑問(wèn)句,too 通常置于句末,其前用逗號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi),其后用句號(hào);有時(shí)也可插入句子中間,這時(shí)too 前后都要用逗號(hào)。如:If you buy a car,you'll need a parking place,too .如果你買輛車,你還將需要一個(gè)停車場(chǎng)地。I,too,have been to the Great Wall.我也去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。
■either 只能用于否定句,表示“也不”,放在句末,其前用逗號(hào),其后用句號(hào)。如:
Tom hasn't been to Beijing.I haven't been there,either .湯姆沒(méi)去過(guò)北京,我也沒(méi)去過(guò)那里。
■as well 表示“也、還”,通常用于肯定句,多用于口語(yǔ),只用在句末,其前不能用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如:She can speak Chinese quite well and she can speak Japanese as well .她漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很好,且她還會(huì)說(shuō)日語(yǔ)。
6.before long和long before
■before long 意思是“不久,很快,不久以后”,相當(dāng)于soon,表示某事發(fā)生相隔的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)。多用于將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I hope to hear from you before long .我希望不久就能收到你的來(lái)信。
I think the shoes will fit me quite well before long .我想那雙鞋很快就會(huì)適合我的。
■long before 意思是“很久以前,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以前”,表示過(guò)去,多與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用。如:
He said he had read the novel long before .他說(shuō)他很久以前看過(guò)這篇小說(shuō)。
I saw this movie long before .我很久以前就看過(guò)這部電影。
We heard of it long before .我們老早就聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事情。
7.especially,specially和particularly
■especially 表示“特別,格外,尤其”,指有意突出到明顯或例外的程度,多用于正式文體,側(cè)重某事物超過(guò)其他全部,突出到“特別地”程度。如:
He has been especially busy this week.他這星期特別忙。
I like the country especially in spring.我喜歡鄉(xiāng)村,尤其在春天。
■specially 表示“特別地,專門地”,著重為達(dá)到某一目的而“專門地、特意地”去做某事,相當(dāng)于on purpose。如:
I specially came here to ask you a question.我是專門來(lái)問(wèn)你一個(gè)問(wèn)題的。
I bought this computer specially for you.我特地為你買了這臺(tái)電腦。
■particularly 表示“特別地”,用來(lái)指同類中特別突出的一個(gè),強(qiáng)調(diào)獨(dú)特性或與眾不同,側(cè)重于以不同的方式突出某一事物的個(gè)性或獨(dú)特之處,常用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞或分詞。如:He isn't particularly clever.他不是特別地聰明。
8.much too和too much
■much too 表示“太……”,用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞,放在形容詞或副詞的前面。如:
This problem is much too difficult.這道題太難了。
■too much 表示“太……”,用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞,放在不可數(shù)名詞的前面。如:
I've got too much work to do.我有太多的工作要做。
9.no more,not any more,no longer和not any longer
■no more 表示“不再……,再也不……”時(shí),一般位于句尾或句首。如:
I see him no more .我再也見(jiàn)不到他了。
注意:
當(dāng)涉及數(shù)量和程度時(shí),要用no more或not ...any more。常用來(lái)修飾表示終止性的動(dòng)詞go,leave,buy等,表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不再延續(xù)下去。如:
We saw him no more=We didn't see him any more.我們?cè)僖矝](méi)有看到他。
■not ...any more 表示“不再……”,用法與no more相同,但在句中的位置不同,not通常與助動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成否定式,any more獨(dú)立于句末。如:
I won't go there any more.我不會(huì)再去那里了。
■no longer 表示“不再……,再也不……”時(shí),一般位于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前,助動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞之后,或者位于句尾或句首。如:
I see him no longer .我再也見(jiàn)不到他了。
注意:
①not ...any longer表示“不再……”,用法與no longer相同,但在句中的位置不同,not通常與助動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成否定式,any longer獨(dú)立于句末。如:
He doesn't work here any longer.他不再在這里工作了。
The teacher doesn't live here any longer.那位老師不再住在這兒了。
②當(dāng)談到時(shí)間、距離,強(qiáng)調(diào)今昔對(duì)比時(shí),要用no longer或not ...any longer。常用來(lái)修飾延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,如live,stay,wait,work等。He is not young any longer.他不再年輕了。
10.probably,perhaps,maybe和possibly
■probably 表示“大概、或許、很可能”,指某事的發(fā)生很有可能或十之八九,其語(yǔ)義較強(qiáng),側(cè)重有根據(jù)、合情合理地推測(cè),表示可能性很大。如:
It will probably be fine tomorrow.明天大概會(huì)是晴天。
Most of us probably like pop music.我們大多數(shù)人或許喜歡流行音樂(lè)。
They probably didn't try hard enough.他們很可能不夠努力。
The news was probably true.這消息很可能是真的。
■perhaps 表示的可能性較小,僅表示一種無(wú)根據(jù)的猜測(cè)。一般放在句首。如:
Perhaps you would like to join us for lunch.也許您愿意和我們一塊去吃午飯。
■maybe 意思是“也許、可能”,表示的可能性較大,而且比較口語(yǔ)化,常位于句首,表示疑惑,含有推測(cè)之意。如:
— Will they come?他們會(huì)來(lái)嗎?
— Maybe not.可能不會(huì)來(lái)。
Maybe she'll come this afternoon.她可能今天下午來(lái)。
Maybe you put the letter in your pockets.大概你把信放在衣袋里了。
■possibly 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀存在的可能性,但表示的可能性小,常與may,can等詞連用。如:
You can't possibly walk 20 miles in an hour.你一小時(shí)不可能走二十英里。
I will come as soon as I possibly can.我盡可能快點(diǎn)來(lái)。
注意:
①probably在句子中的位置可以是句首、句中或句末;但在否定句中,probably不能緊跟在否定詞之后。請(qǐng)看下面的例句:
譯:她大概不會(huì)來(lái)這里。
正:Probably she won't come here.
正:She probably won't come here.
正:She won't come here probably.
誤:She won't probably come here.
②probably,perhaps,maybe按事情發(fā)生的可能性從大到小依次排列為:probably→perhaps→maybe→possibly。
11.silently和quietly
■silently 意為“無(wú)聲地、寂靜地、靜靜地”,指某人所處的環(huán)境是無(wú)聲音地,不發(fā)出聲音地。如:The girl sat in the room silently .那個(gè)女孩坐在房間里一聲不吭。
■quietly 意為“輕聲地、悄聲地、靜靜地”,指不發(fā)出很大的噪音,或發(fā)出的聲音極小,以至于別人不易察覺(jué)或聽(tīng)不到。如:
The boy spoke so quietly that I could hardly hear him.那男孩說(shuō)的聲音很小,我?guī)缀趼?tīng)不見(jiàn)。
12.sometime,sometimes,some time和some times
■sometime 是表示時(shí)間的副詞,意為“某個(gè)時(shí)候、某天”,指某個(gè)不明確的時(shí)間,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),如:
We'll take our holiday sometime in August.我們將在八月份的某個(gè)時(shí)候休假。
It happened sometime last month.這件事情發(fā)生在上個(gè)月的某個(gè)時(shí)候。
■sometimes 是表示頻率的副詞,意思是“有時(shí)、間或”,可用于句首、句中或句末,通常用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:Sometimes he goes to the cinema on Sunday.有時(shí)他星期天去看電影.
■some time 是名詞短語(yǔ),表示“一段時(shí)間、一些時(shí)間”,其中的time是不可數(shù)名詞,常用于完成時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)。如:
They have been in our school for some time .他們已在我們學(xué)校呆了一段時(shí)間了。
It'll take some time to finish reading the novel.看完那本小說(shuō)需要一段時(shí)間。
■some times 是名詞短語(yǔ),表示“幾次、幾倍”,其中的time是可數(shù)名詞,意思是“次、倍”。如:I have been to Qingdao for some times .青島我去過(guò)好幾次了。
【中考速遞】
1.[貴州銅仁中考考題] — His handwriting is very careful.
— Yeah.With the help of him,his sister writes as _____ as him.
A.care B.careful
C.more carefully D.carefully
2.[湖北荊州中考考題] — What do you think of your English teacher?
— He is great.No one teaches _____ in our school.
A.best B.better C.well D.good
3.[江蘇常州中考考題] The coach thinks _____ of Mary's sports talents,for she jumped very _____ at the sports meeting.
A.high;high B.highly;highly
C.high;highly D.highly;high
4.[廣西南寧中考考題] I have _____ finished my homework.I finished it an hour ago.
A.yet B.already C.ever D.never
5.[甘肅天水中考考題] In the reading class,the _____ you are,the _____ you can find answers in the passage.
A.careful;easily B.more careful;more easily
C.carefuler;easier D.more careful;easier
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
1.答案:D 句意:“他的書寫很認(rèn)真?!薄笆堑模谒膸椭拢妹煤退麑懙靡粯诱J(rèn)真?!?as ...as中間用副詞原級(jí),故選D。
2.答案:B 句意:“你覺(jué)得你的英語(yǔ)老師怎么樣?”“他棒極了。在我們學(xué)校沒(méi)有一個(gè)人教得比他更好?!庇删湟饪芍@里用副詞的比較級(jí),故選B。
3.答案:D 句意:教練高度評(píng)價(jià)Mary的運(yùn)動(dòng)天賦,因?yàn)樗谶\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上跳得很高。前者考查固定短語(yǔ)think highly of意為“高度評(píng)價(jià)”;后面考查用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ),修飾具體的“高”用high。故選D。
4.答案:B 句意:我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。我是一個(gè)小時(shí)前完成的??隙ň渲斜硎尽耙呀?jīng)”用already,故選B。
5.答案:B 句意:在閱讀課上,你越仔細(xì),在短文中找到答案就越容易。表示“越……,就越……”用“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”句型;由第一空后的連系動(dòng)詞are可知此處用形容詞careful;由第二空后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞find可知用副詞easily,其比較級(jí)是more easily。故選B。
【語(yǔ)法專練 體驗(yàn)中考】
1.[四川巴中] — Has your sister finished reading _____?
— Yes.She has _____ finished it.
A.yet;yet B.yet;already C.already;yet
2.[山東青島] _____,we saw the sun rise on top of Mount Tai.
A.Lucky B.Luckily C.Unlucky D.Unluckily
3.[山東濟(jì)寧] In order to pass the exam,you need to work much _____ now.
A.hard B.harder C.hardest D.hardly
4.[山東濱州] — Can you catch what I said?
— Sorry,I can _____ understand it because you speak very quickly.
A.almost B.probably C.mostly D.hardly
5.[廣西賀州] John speaks English as _____ as Mike.They are both good at English.
A.good B.well C.better D.best
6.[湖北黃岡] — How often do you have a school trip this term?
— _____.Since several accidents happened to some schools,all the school outdoor activities have been asked to stop.
A.Always B.Hardly ever C.Sometimes D.Often
7.[北京考題] I jumped _____ than Bill in the sports meet last year.
A.high B.higher C.highest D.the highest
8.[湖北鄂州] — It rained _____ and lasted for a long time.
— That's terrible.Even some streets were full of water.
A.hardly B.strongly C.heavily D.lightly
9.[廣東考題] According to a recent survey,_____ three fifths of working mothers in China don't want to have a second child.
A.mostly B.especially C.partly D.nearly
【答案速遞】
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.D
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