初中英語語法大全：句型轉(zhuǎn)換
?、?題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的要求(有時沒有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
?、?題型分類
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設(shè)計的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
?、?具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň?，大部分是用not來改變謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少，來判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性，來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句，寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類形式繁多，內(nèi)容復(fù)雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達(dá)”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學(xué)”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，結(jié)束性動詞不能與時間段連用，必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞。常見的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
?、俸e語從句的復(fù)合句與簡單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
?、谟蓋hen/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
?、塾蓅o…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
?、苡蓅o that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
⑤由because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
?、薅ㄕZ從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時，謂語復(fù)數(shù)。
7、主動語與被動語態(tài)的互變。
“主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則。“三變”即是主語，謂語和賓語的變化，“二不變”即時態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
?、?解題指導(dǎo)
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題，必須注意如下幾點：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問題，突破難點，注意復(fù)查，看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過上述的歸納和指導(dǎo)，可以理清學(xué)生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力，從而達(dá)到提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當(dāng)成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對劃線部分提問。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧?
1、 對主語(人)提問：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對表語(人)提問：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對介賓(人)提問：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對動賓(人)提問：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對間賓(人)提問：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對主語(東西)提問：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對表語(東西)提問：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對動賓(東西)提問：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對職業(yè)(提問)提問：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對介賓(東西)提問：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對是什么提問：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對計算結(jié)果提問：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對年級提問：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對班級提問：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對年級和班級提問：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對年級、班級、排提問時，問句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實際譯為漢語.
17、對學(xué)號提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對后置定語提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對幾點幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對前置定語提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對表語(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對后置定語提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對后置定語提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對主語(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對定語(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對身體提問：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對年齡提問：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對天氣提問：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today? =What's the weather like today?
33、對語言提問：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對方式提問：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike•••) How do you often go to school?
35、對程度提問：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對數(shù)量提問：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對價格提問：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對價格提問，be 應(yīng)根據(jù)后面的主語而定。
2，單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對距離提問：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對長度提問：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對for+一段時間提問：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動詞。
41、對星期提問：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對in+一段時間提問：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對頻度副詞提問：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對范圍內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對寬度提問：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對原因狀語提問：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對時間狀語提問：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對地點狀語提問：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對幾月幾日提問：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對種類(后置定語)提問：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對作什么提問：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時，容易判斷錯的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語的一個常考題型，其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子，第一句完整，第二句中設(shè)有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組，使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習(xí)慣用語和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識，要求運用所學(xué)的詞匯、語法知識和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫句子，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個方面：
一、運用同義詞(組)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進(jìn)行替換，注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應(yīng)。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達(dá)與原句相同的意思，主要考查學(xué)生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運用不同語態(tài)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運用主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的變化來轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞，但此時要特別注意時態(tài)、動詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態(tài)動詞should，因此助動詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，助動詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，此時往往會涉及時態(tài)的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動詞后，則可連用一段時間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，“for+時間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時間)”，常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續(xù)時間狀語連用，與延續(xù)性時間狀語連用時，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運用不同引語進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語或?qū)㈤g接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關(guān)時態(tài)、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應(yīng)的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
六、運用簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡單句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的簡單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語從句，改寫句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導(dǎo)的狀語從句改寫為after引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。
七、運用并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個主語時，謂語總是用復(fù)數(shù)，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞通常應(yīng)與靠近的主語保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
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