十一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
【中考鏈接】
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _________ as much as we can.
A.speak
B.speaking
C.spoken
D.to speak
[答案]C
【解析】
此題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。語(yǔ)意為:“為學(xué)好英語(yǔ),我們應(yīng)該盡自己所能找機(jī)會(huì)聽(tīng)別人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)?!県ear sth. done聽(tīng)到某事被做。本句中,英語(yǔ)被別人說(shuō),所以用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)用法。故選擇C。
【中考考點(diǎn)】
考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。
【易錯(cuò)提醒】
hear后可以用do/doing/done三種形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。hear sb. do聽(tīng)到動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程;hear sb. doing聽(tīng)到某個(gè)動(dòng)作正在做;hear sth. done聽(tīng)到某事被做。本句中hear的賓語(yǔ)是English,應(yīng)該是“被說(shuō)”的,所以排除A、B。D項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤,首先應(yīng)該排除。
【知識(shí)要點(diǎn)】
1.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式由“not+ to do”構(gòu)成。
2.It+be+形容詞+for名詞/代詞+to do sth。
3.it +take +sb+ some time +to do sth”,某人花時(shí)間干某事。
4.want, agree, decide, mean, plan, ought, refuse, fail, happen, hope, offer, try, manage+to do
5.enjoy, finish, keep, mind, give up, practise, waste +doing
6.a(chǎn)sk, invite, allow, tell, want + sb (not) to do
7.不定式在下列感觀,使役動(dòng)詞后做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不帶“to”。
四看(即四個(gè)表示看的動(dòng)詞):see, watch, notice, observe。
三使(即三個(gè)致使動(dòng)詞,翻成中文“讓”):make, have, let。
兩個(gè)短語(yǔ):listen to, look at。
一聽(tīng)(即一個(gè)表示聽(tīng)的動(dòng)詞):hear。
一感覺(jué)(即一個(gè)表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞):feel。
一可帶可不帶(在這個(gè)動(dòng)詞后,不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)帶或不帶“to”都可):help。
8.幾組動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞的辨析:
1)remember/forget doing sth.記得/忘了做過(guò)某事
remember/forget to do sth.記得/忘了要去做某事
2)stop doing sth.停止正在做的事
stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事
3)try doing試著做某事
try to do努力做某事
注意:不定式多表示具體的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)詞-ing形式多指一般情況,表示泛指。如like, love, prefer;在begin, start后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式意義無(wú)太大差別。
9.“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”用法:不定式與疑問(wèn)詞what, who (m), which, where, when, how等連用,作賓語(yǔ)。如:
She asked us when she will leave here. = She asked us when to leave here.(她問(wèn)我們她什么時(shí)候?qū)㈦x開(kāi)這里。)
I can't decide which seat I should take. = I can't decide which seat to take.(我不能決定我坐哪一個(gè)位置。)
10.不定式在句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)主要用做目的、原因和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
1)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)主要用在too…to…和…enough to的結(jié)構(gòu)中,在試題中主要考查這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和so… that…(帶結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句)的互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
The problem is so easy that all of us can work it out.(這問(wèn)題是如此的容易,我們所有人都能解決。)
The problem is easy enough for all of us to work out.
The problem is so difficult that we can't work it out.
The problem is too difficult for us to work out.
The problem isn't easy enough for us to work out.
從上面例題中可以看到:如:so…that…從句中是肯定句的,只能用…enough to…結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫;如果so…that…從句中是否定句的,既可以用too…to結(jié)構(gòu)改寫,又可以用not+原句中反義的形容詞(或副詞)+ enough to這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫。
2)不定式在句中做目的狀語(yǔ)是很常見(jiàn)的,而且還經(jīng)??吹接胕n order或so as這些詞來(lái)修飾不定式短語(yǔ)。在試題中,同學(xué)們可以經(jīng)常碰到用不定式做目的狀語(yǔ)和帶so that…引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
Mr. Chen got up early so that he could catch the early bus.(陳先生一早起床以致能趕上早車。)
Mr. Chen got up early so as/in order to catch the early bus.
3)不定式在句中還可做原因狀語(yǔ),通常跟在形容詞的后面。如:
Mr. White was sorry to hear the news.(聽(tīng)到這消息,懷特先生很抱歉。)
11.幾個(gè)句型、詞組
Why not + do
Why don't you + do
What/how about doing
Would you like + to do
Would you mind + doing
Would you please + do
would rather + do
had better + do
sb used to do
sb be used to doing
prefer doing to doing
【解題技巧】
掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要重點(diǎn)掌握三種形式的特點(diǎn)。如-ing形式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成或被動(dòng),動(dòng)詞不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)將要發(fā)生或具體動(dòng)作等。還要清晰掌握細(xì)節(jié),如能帶分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有 see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
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