十一、非謂語動詞
【中考鏈接】
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _________ as much as we can.
A.speak
B.speaking
C.spoken
D.to speak
[答案]C
【解析】
此題考查非謂語動詞的用法。語意為:“為學好英語,我們應(yīng)該盡自己所能找機會聽別人說英語。”hear sth. done聽到某事被做。本句中,英語被別人說,所以用過去分詞表被動用法。故選擇C。
【中考考點】
考查非謂語動詞的用法。
【易錯提醒】
hear后可以用do/doing/done三種形式作賓語補足語。hear sb. do聽到動作的全過程;hear sb. doing聽到某個動作正在做;hear sth. done聽到某事被做。本句中hear的賓語是English,應(yīng)該是“被說”的,所以排除A、B。D項結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤,首先應(yīng)該排除。
【知識要點】
1.動詞不定式的否定形式由“not+ to do”構(gòu)成。
2.It+be+形容詞+for名詞/代詞+to do sth。
3.it +take +sb+ some time +to do sth”,某人花時間干某事。
4.want, agree, decide, mean, plan, ought, refuse, fail, happen, hope, offer, try, manage+to do
5.enjoy, finish, keep, mind, give up, practise, waste +doing
6.a(chǎn)sk, invite, allow, tell, want + sb (not) to do
7.不定式在下列感觀,使役動詞后做賓語補足語時,不帶“to”。
四看(即四個表示看的動詞):see, watch, notice, observe。
三使(即三個致使動詞,翻成中文“讓”):make, have, let。
兩個短語:listen to, look at。
一聽(即一個表示聽的動詞):hear。
一感覺(即一個表示感覺的動詞):feel。
一可帶可不帶(在這個動詞后,不定式做賓語補足語帶或不帶“to”都可):help。
8.幾組動詞不定式和動名詞的辨析:
1)remember/forget doing sth.記得/忘了做過某事
remember/forget to do sth.記得/忘了要去做某事
2)stop doing sth.停止正在做的事
stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事
3)try doing試著做某事
try to do努力做某事
注意:不定式多表示具體的動作,而動詞-ing形式多指一般情況,表示泛指。如like, love, prefer;在begin, start后接不定式或動詞-ing形式意義無太大差別。
9.“疑問詞+不定式”用法:不定式與疑問詞what, who (m), which, where, when, how等連用,作賓語。如:
She asked us when she will leave here. = She asked us when to leave here.(她問我們她什么時候?qū)㈦x開這里。)
I can't decide which seat I should take. = I can't decide which seat to take.(我不能決定我坐哪一個位置。)
10.不定式在句中做狀語時主要用做目的、原因和結(jié)果狀語。
1)不定式做結(jié)果狀語主要用在too…to…和…enough to的結(jié)構(gòu)中,在試題中主要考查這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)和so… that…(帶結(jié)構(gòu)狀語的復合句)的互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
The problem is so easy that all of us can work it out.(這問題是如此的容易,我們所有人都能解決。)
The problem is easy enough for all of us to work out.
The problem is so difficult that we can't work it out.
The problem is too difficult for us to work out.
The problem isn't easy enough for us to work out.
從上面例題中可以看到:如:so…that…從句中是肯定句的,只能用…enough to…結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫;如果so…that…從句中是否定句的,既可以用too…to結(jié)構(gòu)改寫,又可以用not+原句中反義的形容詞(或副詞)+ enough to這個結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫。
2)不定式在句中做目的狀語是很常見的,而且還經(jīng)??吹接胕n order或so as這些詞來修飾不定式短語。在試題中,同學們可以經(jīng)常碰到用不定式做目的狀語和帶so that…引導的目的狀語從句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
Mr. Chen got up early so that he could catch the early bus.(陳先生一早起床以致能趕上早車。)
Mr. Chen got up early so as/in order to catch the early bus.
3)不定式在句中還可做原因狀語,通常跟在形容詞的后面。如:
Mr. White was sorry to hear the news.(聽到這消息,懷特先生很抱歉。)
11.幾個句型、詞組
Why not + do
Why don't you + do
What/how about doing
Would you like + to do
Would you mind + doing
Would you please + do
would rather + do
had better + do
sb used to do
sb be used to doing
prefer doing to doing
【解題技巧】
掌握非謂語動詞時,要重點掌握三種形式的特點。如-ing形式強調(diào)動作正在進行或主動,過去分詞強調(diào)已經(jīng)完成或被動,動詞不定式強調(diào)將要發(fā)生或具體動作等。還要清晰掌握細節(jié),如能帶分詞作賓補的動詞常見的有 see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。