2016年公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試經(jīng)典語(yǔ)法講解之虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示與客觀事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，由if虛擬條件從句和主句構(gòu)成。

　　一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本內(nèi)容

　　根據(jù)虛擬與其這種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間不同，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if虛擬條件從句與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別有三類(lèi)構(gòu)成形式：

　　假設(shè)類(lèi)型If虛擬條件從句

　　主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 Did/were Would/should do 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 Had done Would/should have done 與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反 Were to do/did/should do Would/should do

　　例：1、I wouldn't talk that way if I were Peter.

　　2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money

　　would have been lost

　　3、Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

　　4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.

　　5、Do you think there would be less conflict (戰(zhàn)斗、斗爭(zhēng)) in the world if all people spoke the same language.

　　6、If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time.

　　二、if的省略形式(又稱(chēng)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))

　　在if虛擬條件從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)部分包含were，should，had等詞，則可以把這些詞放到主語(yǔ)前，省略if，構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　三、主句與從句時(shí)間不一致時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成

　　當(dāng)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if虛擬條件從句和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間采用對(duì)應(yīng)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式。

　　例：1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

　　2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.

　　四、主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成

　　在英語(yǔ)中存在一些動(dòng)詞，表示建議、命令、要求等主觀的傾向，由這些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。這類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞有“一堅(jiān)持、二命令、三建議、五要求”，分別是：

　　一堅(jiān)持：insist 二命令：order、command 三建議：suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提議、建議) 五要求：ask、demand、require、request、desire

　　例：1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.

　　2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. 同時(shí)，如果在題干中出現(xiàn)上面這些主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞的名詞和形容詞形式，題干中從句部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略?？荚囍谐Ｒ?jiàn)的詞匯有：order，command，suggestion，advice，proposal，demand，request，desire，advisable，desirable.

　　五、wish that和if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成

　　Wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表示一種沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其中wish that句型往往翻譯為：多么希望?;if only表示的愿望較wish that更強(qiáng)烈，常翻譯為但愿;要是?就好了。兩者的用法基本相同。兩者的用法是：1、當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí)，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是：did/were;

　　2、當(dāng)表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí)，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是：had done;

　　3、當(dāng)表示未來(lái)一時(shí)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種愿望時(shí)，wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是：would do.

　　六、would rather引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成

　　Would rather的意思是“寧愿、寧可”其引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(一般省去that)通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示一種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。我們可以假設(shè)A.B是兩個(gè)人，通過(guò)牢記一下句式來(lái)記住其用法：

　　1、A would rather B did sth：表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)

　　2、A would rather B had done sth：表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)