外國人最想和你聊的文化話題：極限運(yùn)動
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Realize Extreme Sports 認(rèn)識極限運(yùn)動
1 什么是極限運(yùn)動？An extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a popular term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger, and that are counter-cultural. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion, and highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts.
The definition of an extreme sport is not exact - for example, although studies show that (road) cycling ranks as the sport with the highest number of injuries; it is not considered an extreme sport because it is not counter-cultural. The term's origin is also unclear, but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games.
While use of the term "extreme sport" has spread far and wide to describe a multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered "extreme" is debatable. There are however several characteristics common to most extreme sports. While not the exclusive domain of youth, extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic. Extreme sports are rarely sanctioned by schools. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than traditional sports. In addition, new extreme athletes tend to work on their craft without the guidance of a coach (though some may hire a coach later).
Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. Athletes in these activities compete not only against other athletes, but also against environmental obstacles and challenges. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect the outcome of the given activity or event.
In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are often variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers, and wave height and shape for surfers.
2 常見極限運(yùn)動名稱的表達(dá)方式
（1）Bungee jumping 蹦極
Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord. The tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane.
（2）Base jumping 定點(diǎn)跳傘
Base jumping, which is also sometimes written as B.A.S.E jumping, is an activity that employs an initially packed parachute to jump from fixed objects.
（3）Scuba diving 水肺潛水
Scuba diving ("Scuba" originally being an acronym for self contained underwater breathing apparatus, now widely considered a word in its own right) is a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe underwater.
（4）Windsurfing 風(fēng)帆沖浪
Windsurfing is a surface water sport that combines elements of surfing and sailing. It consists of a board usually two to four metres long, powered by the orthogonal effect of the wind on a sail.
（5）Mountain biking 山地自行車
Mountain biking is a sport which consists of riding bicycles offroad, often over rough terrain, using specially adapted mountain bikes.
極限運(yùn)動是由多項(xiàng)成型運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目以及從游戲、生活和工作中演變來，參與人群以年輕人為主的高難度觀賞性體育運(yùn)動。人類在與自然的融合過程中，借助于現(xiàn)代高科技手段，最大限度地發(fā)揮自我身心潛能，向自身挑戰(zhàn)的娛樂體育運(yùn)動。它除了追求競技體育超越自我生理極限"更高、更快、更強(qiáng)"的精神外，更強(qiáng)調(diào)參與、娛樂和勇敢精神，追求在跨越心理障礙時(shí)所獲得的愉悅感和成就感。同時(shí)，它還體現(xiàn)了人類返璞歸真、回歸自然、保護(hù)環(huán)境的美好愿望，因此已被世界各國譽(yù)為"未來體育運(yùn)動"。
Adding a new dimension to the sport of diving, cliff diving is defined as the acrobatic perfection of diving into water from a high cliff.
從高聳的懸崖上以雜技般的完美姿勢一躍入水，懸崖跳水為跳水這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動增添了一個(gè)全新的發(fā)展空間。
Braving the rough rocks, divers take a plunge in the hard-hitting water beneath to experience a thrill to last for a lifetime.
跳水者挑戰(zhàn)粗糙的巖石，縱身躍入巖石下猛烈拍擊的水中，以感受這令人一生難忘的刺激。
This dangerous sport of cliff diving originated from the Hawaiian Island of Lanai in 1770.
懸崖跳水這項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)動發(fā)源于1770年的夏威夷拉奈島。
Cliff diving is one of the riskier kinds of diving; hence, extreme caution is a must.
懸崖跳水是最具風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的跳水運(yùn)動之一，因此，必須極其謹(jǐn)慎。
To the benefit of the divers, certain standards have been set to minimize the risk factor.
為了跳水者的安全，人們設(shè)立了一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從而把危險(xiǎn)因素降到最低。
Some of these include determining the height of the jump (23-28 meters for men, 18-23 meters for women), an ideal entering speed of 75-100 km/h, and a free fall time of 3 seconds.
其中包括規(guī)定跳水的高度(男性23-28米，女性18-23米)，最佳入水速度為每小時(shí)75-100公里，自由落體時(shí)間為3秒鐘。
A little known sport, underwater hockey is what some divers like to do during the winter months when the outside water is too cold for diving.
水下曲棍球是一項(xiàng)鮮為人知的運(yùn)動。當(dāng)冬季戶外的水太冷而不適宜潛水時(shí)，不少潛水員便樂于去做這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動。
The sport of underwater hockey was invented in Great Britain during the 1950's when some British divers were looking for ways to stay fit during the winter.
水下曲棍球這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動20世紀(jì)50年代始于英國，當(dāng)時(shí)英國潛水員正在尋求能夠在冬天保持健康的方法。
AirKicking:In this strange extreme sport, a human catapult launches individuals over 26 feet (8 meters) in the air into a swimming pool or foam pit.
空氣彈射：在這項(xiàng)奇特的極限運(yùn)動中，參與者被彈射器拋到超過26英尺(8米)高的空中，然后掉入泳池里或者泡沫坑中。
AirKick works propelling participants through the air in a precalculated parabolic trajectory using a special combination of air pressure and water recoil technology.
空氣彈射巧妙地將空氣壓力和水流反沖技術(shù)結(jié)合起來，把參與者按照預(yù)先計(jì)算好的拋物線軌跡拋到空中。
A balance sport, Slacklining utilizes nylon webbing stretched tight between two anchor points.
走軟繩是一項(xiàng)平衡運(yùn)動，使用的是繃緊后固定于兩個(gè)定位點(diǎn)之間的尼龍織帶。
It is distinct from tightrope walking in that the line is not held rigidly taut-it is instead dynamic, stretching and bouncing like a large rubber band.
走軟繩和走鋼索不一樣，因?yàn)槠涫褂玫目棊Р⒉荒芡耆o--而是像一條巨大的橡皮筋一樣可以變化、伸縮，富有彈性。
Effectively throwing yourself down a slope in a giant ball, or"Zorbing", is one of the latest extreme sport craze to sweep the world.
把自己放進(jìn)一個(gè)巨大的球，或"左賓球"里，然后從斜坡上用力滾下來，這就是最近迅速席卷全球的極限運(yùn)動熱潮之一。
Two extreme sports enthusiasts Will Gadd and Christian Pondella have conquered the 650 feet (200 meter) high frozen waterfall in Eidfjord, Norway, thus becoming the first to climb this ice climbing mecca.
兩名極限運(yùn)動愛好者威爾·加德和克里斯蒂安·潘德拉日前爬上了位于高達(dá)650英尺（200米）的挪威埃德菲尤爾冰凍瀑布，從而使人類首次踏足這一冰瀑之顛。
Volcano Boarding:Racing down an active 2,380ft volcano at speeds of 50 m/ph (80 km/h) with only a board for protection is considered by many thrill-seeking sports fanatics as the coolest sport around.
火山滑板：從高達(dá)2380英尺的活火山上，以每小時(shí)50英里(80公里)的速度疾馳而下，僅靠一塊滑板保護(hù)，這被眾多尋求刺激的運(yùn)動狂人視為世界上最酷的一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動。
Surfers, dressed in protective jump suits, kneepads and helmets, can reach speeds of up to 50m/ph on their specially-constructed plywood boards.
參加火山滑板運(yùn)動的人身穿具有保護(hù)作用的連身衣，佩戴護(hù)膝和頭盔，在其特制的膠合板上能以每小時(shí)50英里的速度滑行。
Since its creation, in 2005, the volcano boarding has attracted more than 10,000 participants.
火山滑板運(yùn)動自2005年被創(chuàng)造以來，吸引了一萬多名參與者。
For what may appear to be near-impossible, limbo-skating-roller skating under cars-is the latest rage in India, requiring the flexibility, strength and balance of a gymnast.
"林波"溜冰--腳穿四輪溜冰鞋在汽車底下滑冰--這件看上去近乎不可能的事情，在印度卻是一種最新潮流，它要求參與者具備體操運(yùn)動員般的柔韌性、力量和平衡能力。
Wonder-kid Aniket Chindak holds the unofficial world record for"limbo-skating" beneath 57 cars.
神童阿尼克特·金達(dá)克至今保持著滑過57輛車底的"林波"溜冰非官方世界紀(jì)錄。
Tom: Are extreme sports popular in your country?
湯姆：在你的國家極限運(yùn)動流行嗎？
Cathy: They're not very popular. Only a relatively small number of people do them. Many people enjoy watching them on TV. There's a very popular TV programme on each week, which looks at extreme sports and the people who participate in them.
凱西：不是很流行。只有一小部分人做極限運(yùn)動，很多人只是喜歡在電視上看。每周有個(gè)非常有名的節(jié)目播放一些極限運(yùn)動和那些參加這些運(yùn)動的人。
Tom: Which sports are usually featured on the programme?
湯姆：這個(gè)節(jié)目一般放什么??？
Cathy: Bungee jumping, windsurfing, and cliff diving are the most common, but there are other kinds of sports, such as motor racing and skateboarding.
凱西：蹦極，風(fēng)帆沖浪和懸崖沖浪是最流行的，但是也有其他的運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目，像山地自行車，摩托車賽和滑板。
Tom: I think that the people who do the skateboarding are very skilled. It must take a lot of practice to stay on the skateboard whilst doing so many jumps and turns.
湯姆：我覺得那些滑滑板的人非常嫻熟。他們肯定花了很多時(shí)間在滑板上，在滑板上跳躍轉(zhuǎn)彎很多次。
Cathy: The kids who do it are so young. Well, it's better for them than sitting at home watching the TV all day!
凱西：滑滑板的人都非常年輕，都是孩子。這個(gè)可比他們在家里看一整天電視要強(qiáng)很多。
Tom: Would you like to try any extreme sports?
湯姆：你愿意嘗試極限運(yùn)動嗎？
Cathy: I'm going bungee jumping on Saturday. I'm very nervous about it, but my friends convinced me to give it a try.
凱西：我星期六要去蹦極呢。我覺得很緊張，但是我的朋友們都勸我去試試。
Tom: I'm sure you'll be safe. The organizers have lots of safety procedures. Can I come and watch?
湯姆：我相信你會很安全的。那些極限運(yùn)動的組織者有很多的安全程序的。我能和你一起去看看嗎？
Cathy: I guess so. You might even be tempted to do a bungee jump.
凱西：我想可以。你可能到時(shí)候都會忍不住試試的。
Tom: I might. It's something I've often thought about doing.
湯姆：也有可能。我有時(shí)候還會想到做些極限運(yùn)動的。
Cathy: We can then try together. The more friends there are, the funnier it will be.
凱西：到時(shí)候我們可以一起。朋友多的時(shí)候才好玩。
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