在雅思閱讀的比較邏輯關系中,比較級是常見的論證方式,但是類比和對比也是英語文章中非常常見的論證手段,一般涉及到單個事物或若干個事物之間的比較,但這兩種方法卻有著本質(zhì)上的不同。
類比(compare)強調(diào)兩個對象的相似點,比如A和B的相同點是什么。而對比(contrast)則強調(diào)兩個對象的不同點,比如A很高B卻很低。
接下來,讓我們從劍橋真題中看看,有哪些考點會涉及到類比和對比。
類比連接詞
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike,likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble,agree,share,harmony,compare to/with …, comparable
例題1 題目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻譯 :
有些塑料是“熱塑型”的,這意味著,它們像蠟燭一樣,會在加熱時會融化,然后就可以重新塑形。
解析:
定位后,利用題中類比詞in a similar way to, 可以找到文中對應詞like, 也就是統(tǒng)一替換,答案就是candlewax了。
例題2 題目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph:
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data…
翻譯 :
另一方面,考古學家發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些物體本身并沒有告訴我們什么。 從這個方面說來,考古學家的實踐經(jīng)歷跟科學家非常像,他們收集數(shù)據(jù),操作實驗,制定假說,用假說檢驗更多的數(shù)據(jù)。
解析:
審題時重點關注題中類比詞compare ... to …,定位后,可以找到文中替換詞rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例題3 題目 C10’11 Q11 表格填空
Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 :
It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
翻譯 :
它實際上長的像一個水庫(kund意味著水庫或池塘)而不是一個井,但卻展示了梯井結構的特點,包括下降到底部的四個階梯面,這四面擁有著絕美的幾何對稱圖案。
解析:
審題時關注類比詞like,定位后,發(fā)現(xiàn)resemble,意思相當于look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
* 對比連接詞
while, however, nevertheless,otherwise,whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike,different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ,be distinct from sth…
例題1 題目 C10’23 Q37 判斷
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
文章 :
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function.
翻譯 :
因此,主流的批判方法成為藝術史學家的批判方式,這是一種專門的學術方法,致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)在當時的文化背景下藝術的意義。這與博物館的功能達到了完美一致。
解析:
審題時獲取考點詞conflict,正是對比連接詞,定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)in harmony with,意思是“與……協(xié)調(diào)、一致”,所以二者并非矛盾,而是一致的,因此答案選NO。
例題2 題目 C11’32 Q18 判斷
Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
文章 :
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
翻譯 :
Dingle認為,他定義的價值在于它將注意力集中于在牛羚遷徙現(xiàn)象與蚜蟲遷徙現(xiàn)象的共同點上,因而有助于指導研究人員了解進化是如何將它們制造出來的。
解析:
審題關注到判斷題對比詞aim is to distinguish, 定位后,對應到原文中的focuses attention on,發(fā)現(xiàn)類比詞share,表示“共享,公用”,與題目的distinguish“區(qū)分”意思沖突,所以答案選擇FALSE。
一般來說,閱讀方面通過句子意思、句子關系、段落意思、段落關系的方法來理解文章的邏輯和要表達的觀點非常關鍵。
關于邏輯關系的利用在劍橋真題實例不勝枚舉,雅思閱讀當中涉及到的比較級考點的題目還是很多的,建議大家在平時訓練的時候,認真分析、總結并利用這些策略。