在一個(gè)句子或段落中,有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。
例如:
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast,is quite humble and modest.
該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞,但是句中短語(yǔ)in contrast,(相對(duì)照的,相對(duì)比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為"目空一切的,傲慢的"。
表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast和while引導(dǎo)的并列句等。
A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ),但是通過(guò)上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系,即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開(kāi)。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義,"熟練的"。
2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系,例如:
Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為"健談的"。
表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
在句子或段落種,若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。
例如:
Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指"獨(dú)斷專(zhuān)行的"。
There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
此句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)從句的描書(shū)"許多示威者",我們便可推知elbow的詞意"擠,擠過(guò)"。
4.根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
在句子或段落種,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。
例如:
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來(lái)替代它,由此推知其詞義為"使。 . .陷入危險(xiǎn),危及、危害"。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
句中detrimental四個(gè)生詞,但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后,不難推斷出其詞義為"不利的,有害的"。
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