時代經(jīng)典商業(yè)英語詞匯：貿(mào)易
barter
易貨貿(mào)易
A rare stillness suffused Saturday morning in Sarajevo.
薩拉熱窩的周六早晨出奇的沉寂。
With the guns silent for a moment,parents gathered up their hungry children and headed for the market
炮聲未響，父母帶著饑腸轆轆的孩子到市場，
to barter for what meager supplies of food and clothing had made it through Serbian lines.
尋找穿越塞爾維亞防線的少數(shù)食品、衣物，以進行易物交易。
country of origin
原產(chǎn)國
Most Americans think of the Swatch as a trendy timepiece
大多數(shù)美國人認(rèn)為Swatch是制造流行的手表，
that was embraced from K Mart Shoppers to the owners of SOHO galleries.
從K Mart的購物者到蘇活區(qū)藝?yán)鹊闹鞒秩硕枷矚g它。
But in its country of origin,Switzerland,the Swatch represents nothing less than an amazing instrument of industrial rejuvenation.
但是在它的原產(chǎn)國瑞士，Swatch所代表的不外是驚人的產(chǎn)業(yè)再生力量。
dumping
傾銷
The turning point for the U.S.semiconductor industry may have been in 1985,
美國半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)折點是在1985年。
when American companies filed an antidumping petition against Japanese chipmakers.
美國公司發(fā)出一份控告日本芯片制造廠的反傾銷陳情書。
The Japanese were selling 256-kilobit memory chips at $2 each,for example,even though they cost an estimated $3 or more to produce.
例如日本在美國以每顆2美元的價格，銷售256K的內(nèi)存芯片，但是制造成本卻大約是3元以上。
The report pointed out violations of fair trade by each area in 10 separate categories,
報告指出，在各個地區(qū)違反公平貿(mào)易的項目總共有10個，
such as quotas,anti-dumping measures and government procurement.
包括配額、反傾銷措施及政府采購等。
EPZ
出口加工區(qū)
Though provincial governments have been given more freedom,
雖然地方政府已經(jīng)得到更多空間，
they haven't passed it on to entrepreneurs.
但它們并未將這自由空間轉(zhuǎn)移給企業(yè)家。
Foreign investors are welcome,but corruption devours profits.
外資受到歡迎，但貪污侵蝕了利潤。
Even longtime investors complain that the rules seem to keep shifting.
即使長期投資者也抱怨朝令夕改。
Ho Chi Minh City's Export Processing Zone Authority lured foreign companies on the basis of preferred taxfree status and then announced an 8% business tax.
胡志明市的出口加工區(qū)以優(yōu)惠的免稅待遇來吸引外商，然后卻又宣布8%的企業(yè)稅率。
government procurement
政府采購
Court papers describe a scheme in which California's Teledyne Industries paid Parkin and Lackner
法庭文件描寫一件陰謀：加州的Teledyne Industries付錢買通Parkin與Lackner二人，
to obtain confidential information about government procurement plans for a system to identify military aircraft.
以獲得有關(guān)政府采購能辯認(rèn)識別軍機系統(tǒng)的機密資料。
When equipment has not been delivered,because of the glacial government procurement process.
當(dāng)裝備因緩慢的政府采購程序而無法送達(dá)時，
Reno has personally borrowed gear from the Pentagon.
雷諾親自去向五角大樓借裝備。
gray market
灰色市場
Unlike rare jewels,chips have had the advantage of being untraceable,
電腦芯片不像稀有的珠寶。它的優(yōu)點是無法追查原主，
so they can be quickly unloaded on gray and black markets.
所以很容易在灰色市場與黑市脫手。
ITC
國際貿(mào)易委員會
The U.S.International Trade Commission,the federal agency that deals with unfair trade complaints by American companies,
美國國際貿(mào)易委員會是專門處理美國企業(yè)對不公平貿(mào)易控拆的聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)。
is handling a record number of cases(38 last year).
它現(xiàn)在正處理創(chuàng)歷史新高的案件數(shù)目(去年有38件)。
MFN
最惠國
Despite lapses into protectionism,the U.S. has generally been both a promoter and a beneficiary of free trade.
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雖然美國逐漸傾向保護主義，但大體說來它是自由貿(mào)易的推動者與受益者。
It grants 159 of the 170 countries on earth most-favored-nation status,or MFN,subjecting their products to roughly the same relatively low import duties.
在170國中，他給予其中的159國最惠國特遇，對它們的產(chǎn)品大致均課以比較低的進口關(guān)稅。
protectionism
保護主義
The latest version of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade will wholly or partly eliminate national tariffs,subsidies,quotas and other forms of protectionism for dozens of industries.
最近的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定版本，將要求將數(shù)十種產(chǎn)業(yè)的保護政策，例如關(guān)稅、補貼、配額及其他形式等，加以全部或部分消除。
The overriding U.S. national interest is an open world in which Amierca can thrive.
美國最主要的利益就是建立一個可以蓬勃發(fā)展的開放世界。
(That is why protectionism and the anti-NAFTA campaign,merely other forms of isolationism,are so dangerous.)
(因此保護主義與反“北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定”的行動是危險的，因為它們只是孤立主義的另外一種形式罷了。)
Super 301
超級301
President Clinton revived a tough provision of U.S.trade law in an attempt
克林頓總統(tǒng)重新祭出美國貿(mào)易法中強硬的一條條文，
to get Japan to trim its $59 billion trade surplus.
希望逼日本降低它對美的590億美元貿(mào)易出超。
The measure,the so-called Super 301,creates a "hit list" of countries deemed to be unfair traders
這個稱為“超級301”的措施會列出一張被認(rèn)定是不公平貿(mào)易國家的“黑名單”，
and threatens punitive tariffs up to 100%.
并且威脅使用可高達(dá)100%的懲罰性關(guān)稅。
Encouraged by frustrated U.S. trade groups and corporations,
在氣餒的美國貿(mào)易團體與企業(yè)的鼓勵下，
legislators had Japan in mind when they passed the provision-dubbed Super 301-as part of last year's trade bill.
國會議員在去年的貿(mào)易法案中通過了所謂的超級301條款，心中想的對象就是日本。
trade friction
貿(mào)易摩擦
The Administration wants to fight for the U.S. computerchip industry,
美國政府愿意替美國的電腦芯片廠奮斗，
but it does not want trade friction to topple Japan's fragile reform coalition government.
但它不想制造貿(mào)易摩擦，讓日本脆弱的改革派聯(lián)合政府垮臺。
TOYOTA calls that charge "groundless and meaningless."
豐田稱此項指控“毫無根據(jù)與意義”，
but spokesman Yoshihara Tateishi says,
但是發(fā)言人Yoshihara Tateishi說：
"We are fully aware of the trade friction,
“我們完全了解這種貿(mào)易摩擦，
and our approach will be modest and prudent."
而我們的處理方式將會是溫和且謹(jǐn)慎的。”
USTR
美國貿(mào)易代表署
Racing against a U.S.-imposed deadline,
為了趕上美國所設(shè)的最后期限，
Japanese negotiators and U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor produced the first major market-opening agreement between the two countries since talks began in July 1993.
日本的談判代表和美國貿(mào)易代表坎特達(dá)成了自1993年7月開始談判以來，第一個主要的市場開放協(xié)議。
Take That!And That!
需索無度
1.If posturing and tough talk were all it took to remedy the U.S.-Japan trade gap,
如果擺姿態(tài)和放話就能解決美日貿(mào)易逆差問題，
everything would be fine by now.
那么現(xiàn)在什么事都已經(jīng)解決了。
The grumpy Fed.11 encounter in Washington between Bill Clinton and Japanese Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa has produced a surplus of bluster.
2月11日，美國總統(tǒng)克林頓與日本首相細(xì)川護熙不愉快的會面導(dǎo)致了更多的爭執(zhí)。
"We will not modify our position," Hosokawa warned afterward.
細(xì)川事后警告道：“我們不會改變立場。”
"It's just not acceptable for the United States to continue on the same path,"Clinton warned back last week.
“我們不能接受美國繼續(xù)照目前的方向前進。”上周克林頓回敬了一頓警告。
But as both sides grumbled,they tried to keep the brinkmanship within bounds.
不過即使雙方都抱怨連連，它們?nèi)栽噲D把齟齬限制在破裂邊緣。
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"The intent and fact are to be measured and calm about this,"insisted a White House official,even as others waved fists at Japan.
即使其他人都在向日本揮舞拳頭，白宮一名官員仍堅持：“對此事我們的意圖實際上是很有分寸而且冷靜的。”
2.Scarcely had Hosokawa settled back in Tokyo than the White House struck.
細(xì)川在東京才剛上任，美國就發(fā)起攻勢。
It announced that Japan had failed to comply with previous trade agreements
白宮宣布日本并未遵守先前的貿(mào)易協(xié)定，
by denying Motorola fair access to Japan's cellular-phone market.
因為它沒有給予美國Motorola公司公平的渠道進入日本的移動電話市場。
"This is a clear-cut and serious case of a failure by Japan to live up to its commitments,"said U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor.
美國貿(mào)易代表坎特說：“這是清楚而嚴(yán)重的證據(jù)，顯示日本沒有遵守諾言。”
He promised that within a month his office would publish a list of Japanese companies that would be punished-probably through tariffs-if the situation is not remedied.
他承諾假如此狀況未獲改善，貿(mào)易代表署將在一個月內(nèi)開出黑名單，列入可能受到懲罰的日本企業(yè)。
One day later,Washington's case was bolstered
一天后，華府的立場更加堅定了，
by new Commerce Department figures showing that the trade deficit with Japan rose nearly 24% last year,
因為商務(wù)部最新統(tǒng)計顯示去年美國對日本的貿(mào)易逆差擴大了24%，
to a record $59.3 billion.
到達(dá)空前的593億美元。
3.The Japanese made their own threat to fight any sanctions
日本也發(fā)出威脅要對抗任何的制裁行動，
by accusing the U.S. of a "betrayal of trust" in multinational negotiations to reduce tariffs.
并指揮美國背棄在國際協(xié)商中降低關(guān)稅的主張與承諾。
But even as the Japanese were applauding Hosokawa's refusal to cave in to Clinton,
但是即令日本人為細(xì)川拒絕對美國低頭的主張喝彩不已，
his government was calculating how to avoid a fight.
細(xì)川政府卻仍在算計如何避免一場戰(zhàn)爭。
Early in the week Tokyo was unnerved when the yen rose about 6% against the dollar while Washington stood by with arms folded.
本周稍早日元對美元升值6%，美國卻在一旁雙的抱胸冷眼旁觀，令日本害怕不已。
The upward pressure came from speculators counting on the U.S. to encourage a stronger yen to make American products cheaper in Japan.
升值的壓力來自市場投機客打賭美國會縱容日元升值，好讓在日銷售的美國貨變便宜。
Because that would also cut into the profits of beleaguered Japanese companies that sell abroad,
因為升值會使已煩惱不堪的面向海外的日本企業(yè)利潤下滑，
a 5% drop in the Japanese stock market quickly followed.
所以日本股市也跌了5%。
4.Tokyo scrambled to propose conciliatory measures
東京方面趕忙提出講和的措施，
to promote imports,speed deregulation,break down monopolies and open up government purchasing to outsiders-
包括刺激進口、加速自由化、解散壟斷企業(yè)與外國開放政府采購——
a standard litany that Washington wasn't buying.
華盛頓并不吃這一套陳詞濫調(diào)。
And the Japanese gave no sign of willingness to compromise
日本在這方面卻并無妥協(xié)之跡象，
on the core U.S. demand that their progress in opening markets should be measured by "objective criteria"-in effect,guaranteeing that competitive products get a share of the market.
美國要求的重點是，市場開放的腳步應(yīng)由“客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”來判定，也就是保證讓美國競爭性產(chǎn)品在日本市場取得一席之地。
5.The cellular-phone problem illustrates how even the most competitive American products-
移動電話的問題顯示出即使最具競爭力的美國產(chǎn)品
Motorola claims 40% of the global cellular market-can be tripped up in Japan.
在日本也會灰頭土臉。
In 1987,when it privatized the national phone company,
1987年，日本政府將國營的日本電信公司民營化，
Nippon Telegraph & Telephone,Japan's government divided the country into two cellular-phone regions,with NTT operating in both and one fully private competitor in each.
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并把全國分成兩個移動電話區(qū)域，NTT在兩區(qū)都可經(jīng)營，而政府在每區(qū)各容許一家完全民營的競爭對手。
Though it has flourished elsewhere in Japan,
雖然Motorola在日本其他地區(qū)都生意興隆，
Motorola maintains that it has been handicapped in the Tokyo-Nagoya corridor,the more profitable of the two areas,
它卻堅持在東京一名古屋走廊地帶這個利潤較高的區(qū)域受到牽制，
where its phones are incompatible with the NTT transmitting system.
因為它的傳輸系統(tǒng)與NTT不相容。
6.As part of an agreement to give Motorola "comparable market access"-reached in 1989 after Washington threatened reprisals-
日本政府在華府威脅報復(fù)后，在1989年達(dá)成協(xié)議愿給Motorola“同等的市場開放度”，
the Japanese government provided the company a slice of the cellular-phone bandwidth in the Tokyo-Nagoya region.
接著便在關(guān)東地區(qū)走廊區(qū)域分給Motorola一部分的頻寬。
There was a catch:Motorola's new transmitting equipment would have to be installed by IDO,the wholly private cellular operator in that area.
但是有個圈套：Motorola的新傳輸設(shè)備必須由該區(qū)原來的民營競爭者IDO公司來裝設(shè)。
Called upon to build facilities for a competitor,IDO dragged its feet.
IDO在被叫來幫對手建立設(shè)施的情況下，進度極為緩慢。
In 1992,at Motorola's request,Washington sought and gained a follow-up agreement to speed construction.
1992年，在Motorola的要求下，華府再度與日本訂下后續(xù)協(xié)定，將加速這些建設(shè)。
7.Last summer Motorola again protested the slow pace,leading the White House back to bargaining with Japan.
去年夏天Motorola再度抗議牛步化的進度，白宮與日本再度走上談判桌。
The U.S.wants guarantees that the new system will be up two years earlier than IDO's projected completion date in March 1997.
美國要求日本保證新系統(tǒng)必須比IDO原訂的1997年3月早兩年完工。
In the view of IDO president Takeo Tsukada,that would lead his still unprofitable company to "certain bankruptcy."
IDO總經(jīng)理Takeo Tsukada的說法是如此一來這家尚未見到利潤的公司必然破產(chǎn)。
Motorola says anything less would keep it out of the cellular boom expected to start in April,
Motorola說若不這樣做，它就會被摒棄于自今年4月即將開始的移動電話熱潮，
when new regulations permit Japanese consumers to own phones instead of just renting them.Tokyo,meanwhile,insists that the remaining tangles are just a business dispute between private companies.
因為新法規(guī)允許日本消費者不必再租用移動電話，而可自己擁有。
"Washington is asking us to guarantee Motorola's business,"complains a Japanese official.
一名日本官員抱怨說：“華府在要求我們保證Motorola的生意。”
8.Cellular phones are just one of 31 areas covered by trade agreements at the U.S. could use as gauges of Japanese intransigence and then retaliate.
美國與日本有31項產(chǎn)品的市場開放協(xié)定，移動電話只是其中一項，美國可據(jù)此衡量日本不妥協(xié)的程度，再考慮報復(fù)措施。
"It's not our desire to be provocative,"says a White House official.
一名白宮官員說：“我們并不想惹是生非，
"But the status quo cannot continue."
但是這種現(xiàn)狀不能繼續(xù)下去。”
Neither can the present standoff,without the danger of a more serious confrontation that nobody wants.
目前的對峙也不能持續(xù)，否則將造成無人樂見的危險對抗。
Now,does anybody here know how to just dabble in a trade war?
現(xiàn)在有誰知道如何在貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭上淺嘗即止嗎?
