BEC中級(jí)商務(wù)英語閱讀講義精選：17

世行_勞力輸出有利各方

世界銀行(World Bank)近日在開羅發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告顯示，移民對(duì)勞動(dòng)力輸出國(guó)家女孩的教育、醫(yī)療和生育率具有積極影響。

Migration has a positive impact on girls' education, healthcare and fertility rates in countries that export labour, according to a study by the World Bank published yesterday in Cairo.

"巴基斯坦等許多國(guó)家都重男輕女，因此男孩可以獲得更多家庭資源，"該報(bào)告的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家及聯(lián)合主編莫里斯o希夫(Maurice Schiff)表示。"當(dāng)海外移民通過匯款使家庭獲得額外收入時(shí)，女孩往往能得到更多。"

"In a lot of countries, [such as] Pakistan, boys are favoured over girls, so they get a larger share of household resources," said Maurice Schiff, the lead economist and co-editor of the report. "When additional income comes to the family through remittances sent by a migrant abroad, more tends to go to girls."

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在巴基斯坦，家庭中擁有一名移民工人會(huì)將女孩入學(xué)率提高多達(dá)54%，而男孩僅為7%。

The World Bank study found that, in Pakistan, the effect of having a migrant worker in the family was to increase female enrolment in schools by as much as 54 per cent, compared with just 7 per cent for boys.

其它研究結(jié)果顯示，移民家庭女孩的上學(xué)時(shí)間平均比非移民家庭的女孩長(zhǎng)2年。移民對(duì)童工也有影響，因?yàn)槿绻⒆拥母赣H在海外工作掙錢，兒童被送去打工的可能性就會(huì)減小，即使被送去打工，這些孩子的工作時(shí)間也會(huì)減少大約66%。

Other results showed that girls from migrant households stayed in school on average two years longer than those from non-migrant families. There was also an impact on child labour because children who had a father earning money abroad were less likely to be sent out to work and those who were, worked about 66 per cent less.

報(bào)告還發(fā)現(xiàn)，移民提高了巴基斯坦和中美洲移民兒童的身高和體重。

It also found that migration improved the height and weight of the children of Pakistani and central American migrants.

收入增加也意味著能夠更多地獲得醫(yī)療保障。在尼加拉瓜，匯款極大提高了醫(yī)生助產(chǎn)的可能性，這是降低母親死亡率的一個(gè)重要因素。

More money also meant better access to healthcare. In Nicaragua, remittances significantly improved the likelihood of doctor-assisted births, a big factor in reducing maternal mortality.

報(bào)告的另一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)是，在摩洛哥和土耳其向歐洲輸出勞動(dòng)力的地區(qū)，生育率有所下降。報(bào)告將這種現(xiàn)象歸因于"觀念和行為模式從勞動(dòng)力接收國(guó)向輸出國(guó)傳輸"。

Another finding was that fertility rates have declined in those parts of Morocco and Turkey that export labour to Europe. It attributed this to "the transmission of ideas and modes of behaviour from host to source country".

報(bào)告還發(fā)現(xiàn)，歸國(guó)移民能夠在本國(guó)獲得更高的工資。與沒有出過國(guó)的人相比，在海外工作過的埃及人的工資最多可高出38%。

The report also found that returned migrants could command higher wages in their home countries. Egyptians who had worked abroad earned up to 38 per cent more than those who had not travelled.

希夫表示，受益的不僅僅是勞動(dòng)力輸出國(guó)。

The benefits, says Mr Schiff, are not confined to labour exporting countries.

希夫稱："有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果經(jīng)合組織(OECD)國(guó)家的勞動(dòng)力增加3%(即1500萬人)，并平均分布在各個(gè)職業(yè)，所獲得的好處將比世界所有國(guó)家都開放貿(mào)易還要大。"

"There are studies which show that if you increase the labour force of OECD countries by 3 per cent, or 15m people, with the same distribution across occupations, the benefits would be larger than if all the countries of the world liberalised their trade," he said.

希夫表示，這些好處應(yīng)當(dāng)為勞動(dòng)力接收國(guó)提供有力的理由，實(shí)施暫時(shí)移民制度，例如，可以規(guī)定工人的部分工資在其本國(guó)支付，只有在工人最終回國(guó)時(shí)才能拿到。他表示，這種制度將保留匯款給貧窮國(guó)家?guī)淼暮锰?，減少發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人才流失，并有利于勞動(dòng)力接收國(guó)控制自己的人口規(guī)模。

Mr Schiff says these benefits should provide a strong argument for countries that receive labour to adopt systems for temporary migration in which, for instance, a proportion of a worker's salary is paid in the home country and is only available after the worker's final return. Such a system, he said, would maintain the benefits of remittances to poor countries, cut the brain drain from the developing world and let host countries control the size of their population.