2．河洛人文顯奇葩

2．河洛人文顯奇葩

洛陽這塊土地上不僅上演了一幕幕王朝的興衰史，更是綻放了一朵朵光彩奪目的文化奇葩，在中華民族的發(fā)展史上占有重要的地位。

春秋時(shí)期，著名的思想家、道家學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人老子長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在洛陽做官，管理周王室的圖書典籍，洛陽因此也成了道家學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始地。春秋時(shí)期的另一位偉大的思想家、教育家、儒家學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人孔子也曾從遙遠(yuǎn)的魯國(guó)來到洛陽學(xué)習(xí)西周的禮樂制度。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的縱橫家蘇秦的故里就在今天洛陽東郊的太平莊。西漢文學(xué)家賈誼也是洛陽人，現(xiàn)在在洛陽東關(guān)還有一座賈誼祠。

漢魏時(shí)期，洛陽不僅是中國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，也是文化中心。東漢時(shí)期，在洛陽有當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)最大的圖書館東觀，藏有各種圖書典籍7000多冊(cè)。還建有當(dāng)時(shí)的最高學(xué)府--太學(xué)，學(xué)生最多時(shí)達(dá)到3萬人。著名書法家蔡邕還親自將五經(jīng)文書寫在石碑上，讓刻工鐫刻于太學(xué)門外，這是非常寶貴的古代文獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)著名的史學(xué)家、文學(xué)家班固就在洛陽寫出了中國(guó)歷史上第一部斷代史專著《漢書》。思想家王充年輕時(shí)也到洛陽游學(xué)，并在這里完成了名著《論衡》。著名的科學(xué)家張衡在這里發(fā)明了渾天儀和候風(fēng)地動(dòng)儀。曹魏時(shí)期的機(jī)械發(fā)明師馬鈞因少年時(shí)到過河南，看到提花綾機(jī)織工工效很低，后巧妙地改革舊綾機(jī)，使織綾機(jī)的效率提高了5倍。他的其他發(fā)明也很多，如翻車、指南車等。

魏晉時(shí)期的文學(xué)呈現(xiàn)出空前活躍的局面。三國(guó)時(shí)的文學(xué)家曹植等“建安七子”，晉代的“竹林七賢”嵇康、阮籍等，以及“金谷二十四友”潘岳、左思、陸機(jī)等，都曾在洛陽留下了他們的足跡。他們吟詩作賦，創(chuàng)造了大量的文學(xué)作品。西晉著名的文學(xué)家左思的《三都賦》問世后受到人們的熱烈稱頌，一時(shí)間風(fēng)行洛陽，豪門貴族爭(zhēng)相傳抄，洛陽市場(chǎng)上的紙價(jià)也因此貴起來。于是“洛陽紙貴”便常被用來稱譽(yù)某些作品迅速而廣泛地傳播流行。陳壽在洛陽所著的《三國(guó)志》與《史記》、《后漢書》齊名，被看作史家巨著。酈道元的《水經(jīng)注》也成書于洛陽。此時(shí)，佛教已傳入中國(guó)，洛陽作為佛學(xué)在中國(guó)的傳播地，建有大量雄偉、精美的佛教寺廟，最盛時(shí)多達(dá)1367所，其中的永寧寺，是北魏洛陽規(guī)模最大的著名寺廟。龍門石窟等石窟造像也是在這時(shí)開始開鑿的。

隋唐時(shí)期洛陽的文化出現(xiàn)了新的繁榮局面，學(xué)者云集，文人薈萃，創(chuàng)造了輝煌燦爛的文化。觀文殿內(nèi)藏書3萬多卷，集賢書院藏書5萬多卷，當(dāng)時(shí)在全中國(guó)是絕無僅有的。隋唐時(shí)代的一些著名的書法家、畫家、雕塑家、音樂家、詩人也都云集在洛陽，書法家如隋朝的龐彥藻、虞世南，唐代的張旭、歐陽詢、諸遂良，畫家如“畫圣”吳道子，音樂家如李龜年等。吳道子畫菩薩、神鬼和云龍，開元年間在洛陽天宮寺作鬼神壁畫，讓將軍裴升作為模特，當(dāng)裴升飛劍船屋，吳道子立即拿筆開始在墻壁上畫，颯然風(fēng)起，畫面生動(dòng)壯麗，被稱為“天下奇觀”。著名詩人白居易在洛陽生活期間，所作的800多首詩賦合為《白氏洛中集》10卷，放在香山寺藏經(jīng)堂。生活在洛陽的雕塑家們雖然未見文獻(xiàn)記載，但洛陽出土的唐三彩釉陶藝術(shù)品，如男女傭、天王傭、鎮(zhèn)墓獸傭等，裝飾以斑斕釉色，無一不是唐代的無名雕塑家們的精品佳作。

宋朝時(shí)期，洛陽雖不是都城，卻是當(dāng)時(shí)的學(xué)術(shù)中心。例如宋代的理學(xué)大師程顥、程頤兄弟就是洛陽人，他們?cè)诖藙?chuàng)立的學(xué)派被稱為“洛學(xué)”。政治家、史學(xué)家司馬光曾在洛陽修筑獨(dú)樂園，在這里為后人留下了一部史學(xué)巨著《資治通鑒》；著名的理學(xué)家邵雍一生隱居在洛陽，寫出了《皇極經(jīng)世》等著作，對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了很大影響。著名的政治家、文學(xué)家歐陽修也曾長(zhǎng)期在洛陽居住，為后人留下了經(jīng)典的篇章。

2. Cultural Heritage

Luoyang, playing an important role in the development of Chinese nation, is not only a witness of history but also a cultural incubator.

In the Spring and Autumn period, Laozi, the founder of Taoism, was in Luoyang, managing books for the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Luoyang subsequently became the place of origin of Taoism. Meanwhile, another great thinker Confucius traveled a long distance from the state of Lu to Luoyang to study the rites and music of the Western Zhou, which is original and authentic. What's more, Luoyang was home to Su Qin, a famous political strategist in the Warring State period and to Jia Yi, a well-known figure in the literati of the Han dynasty. At present, there is a Memorial Hall dedicated to Jia Yi in Dongguan of Luoyang.

In Eastern Han, a library was set up in Luoyang. It stored more than 7,000 books, making it the biggest one then in China. An Imperial College called Taixue which was the best educational institution in the feudal society was also founded and the students who attended the College reached 30 thousand at its heyday. Outside the Imperial College, there were stone tablets carved with an inscription of Five Classics inscribed by the famous calligrapher Cai Yong.

Luoyang may well be called an intellectual cradle. It is in this place that Ban Gu (32-92), a famous historian and master in literature in ancient China, wrote History of Han Dynasty, the first monograph on dynastic history; it is in this place that the great thinker Wang Chong (27-97) wrote Lùn Héng or Critical Essays, a book containing many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology; it is in that place that the famous scientist Zhang Heng (78-139) invented the armillary sphere and seismograph; it is also in this place that the famous mechanical engineer Ma Jun (200-265) who lived in the Three Kingdoms era improved the efficiency of the silk loom by five folds, invented the famous South Pointing Chariot, a directional compass vehicle, as well as many others.

In Wei and Jin dynasties, there was an unprecedented boom in the literary world. Numerous litterateurs set their foot on Luoyang, including "Seven Masters of the Jian'an Period", "Seven Virtuous Men of the Bamboo Grove" and "Twenty-four Friends of the Jingu Garden". They either wrote or chant poems, leaving behind them a great deal of literary works. In Western Jin, a famous writer named Zuo Si wrote A Poetic Prose Dedicated to Three Capitals. It was so highly spoken of that soon after it was written it became well-known across Luoyang and men from nobly families all began to make private copies, resulting in a rise of paper price. Thus, a new saying "Paper in Luoyang is expensive" was coined to describe a quick and wide circulation of some works. Luoyang hosted many other celebrities, among whom are Chen Shou (233-297) and Li Daoyuan (233-297). Chen Shou was the author of Records of Three Kingdoms which is deemed a historic monograph as great as Historical Records and History of Later Han Dynasty. And Li Daoyuan finished the famous The Commentary on Waterways Classics. In this period, Buddhism had been introduced to China. As a center for spreading Buddhism, Luoyang boasted a host of majestic and exquisite Buddhist temples. Among all the temples which totaled 1,367 at the prime time, Yongning Temple, built in Northern Wei, was the largest one. It was in this period that the carvings of Longmen Grottoes were started.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, Luoyang entered an even more culturally prosperous stage. Apart from more than eighty thousand volumes of books stored, many calligraphers, painters, sculptors, musicians and poets gathered in the city, weaving a brilliant cultural tapestry. Calligraphers included Pang Yanzao and Yu Shinan in the Sui dynasty as well as Zhang Xu, Ouyang Xun and Chu Suiliang in the Tang dynasty. Among the painters was the "painting saint" Wu Daozi who was good at painting Bodhisattvas, gods and ghosts, clouds and dragons. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Wu asked General Pei Sheng to be his model when he painted onto the walls of Tiangong Temple in Luoyang. As Pei Sheng began to wield his sword, Wu immediately took up his brush and begun to draw on the wall according to Pei's movements. The mural painted in this way was so vivid and lively that it was praised as "a wonder of the world". When the famous poet Bai Juyi lived in Luoyang, he wrote more than 800 poems and prose poems which were compiled into 10 volumes and stored up in the Depository Hall of Sutra of Xiangshan Temple. Though there were no historical records of the sculptors, tri-colored glazed potteries of the Tang dynasty unearthed in Luoyang all indicate their existence and the great work they did.

In the Song dynasty, Luoyang lost its status as the capital, but it remained the academic center. Numerous intellectuals lived and built their fame here. Among them are: masters of Neo-Confucianism Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi who were born in Luoyang and developed their own philosophy called Luoxue (Luoyang school of Neo-Confucianism), famous scholar of Neo-Confucianism Shao Yong who spent his whole life in Luoyang and wrote Book of Supreme World Ordering Principles; the statesman and historian Sima Guang who constructed a Garden of Private Happiness and wrote a historical masterpiece Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government in Luoyang, as well as the statesman and litterateur Ouyang Xiu who lived in Luoyang for a long time and left behind many classical works.