古往今來安陽史

1．古往今來安陽史

1. History

安陽位于河南省最北部，處于山西、河北、河南3省的交會(huì)處，西邊是太行山，北邊臨著漳河，東南與華北平原接壤。安陽地區(qū)是中國有史可考的建立城邦較早的地區(qū)。早在舊石器時(shí)代就有人類在這里居住。商代早期，安陽叫做“相”“殷”。公元前14世紀(jì)，商王盤庚遷都到殷（今安陽小屯一帶），建都時(shí)間達(dá)273年，安陽也因此成為中國的七大古都之一。

In the northernmost part of Henan province, a place where the three provinces of Shanxi, Henan and Hebei meets, there lies a city named Anyang surrounded by Taihang Mountains in the west, Zhanghe River in the north and the North China Plain in the southeast. As remote as in the Paleolithic Era, human traces could be found here.

●安陽殷墟鳥瞰圖

Around the 16th century BC, the second slavery country in the Chinese history-the Shang dynasty-was founded. In order to stabilize the turbulent new country, around 14th century BC, the twelfth king of the Shang dynasty whose name was Pan'geng made the decision to move the country's capital into the place where today's Anyang is and changed the name of the place from Xiang to Yin. Since then, Yin, a land with rich soil and abundant water resources, remained capital for 273 years until the demise of Shang. Thus Anyang is among the first early cities in the Chinese history and one of the renowned ancient capital cities in China.

公元前16世紀(jì)，中國歷史上第二個(gè)奴隸制國家商朝建立。剛剛建立的商王朝政局不穩(wěn)，在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)多次出現(xiàn)衰敗的局面，為了扭轉(zhuǎn)這種局面，商朝的第二十位統(tǒng)治者盤庚決定遷都到北蒙（今安陽地區(qū)），并改名為“殷”。這一地區(qū)土壤肥沃，水源充足，極其適宜農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展；自盤庚遷都到此后，商朝以后的繼承者一直都在這里定都，直到商朝滅亡，歷時(shí)200多年。因此，商朝也叫“殷商”。從這一名稱我們也可以看出殷在商朝的重要地位。

●Bird's eye view of the Yin Ruins in Anyang

商朝在這里定都后，政局漸漸穩(wěn)定下來，經(jīng)濟(jì)開始繁榮，生產(chǎn)開始迅速發(fā)展，中國的奴隸社會(huì)也進(jìn)入了繁榮時(shí)期。商朝人在這里創(chuàng)造了光輝燦爛的業(yè)績(jī)，國家機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步完善，以青銅冶鑄為代表的手工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)迅速發(fā)展。傳說商朝人善于經(jīng)營農(nóng)業(yè)，從當(dāng)時(shí)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具可以看出當(dāng)時(shí)的農(nóng)業(yè)已經(jīng)有了很大的發(fā)展。農(nóng)作物品種也十分豐富，人們已經(jīng)掌握了一系列的耕作技術(shù)，糧食產(chǎn)量也有了大幅度的提高，并出現(xiàn)剩余，這從甲骨文關(guān)于商朝釀酒的記載中便可以得知。農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的同時(shí)人們開始畜養(yǎng)牲畜。農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展也為商業(yè)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件，早期的商業(yè)貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)還有了關(guān)于日食和月食的記載，是世界上最早有確切日期的記錄；科技文化也取得了巨大進(jìn)步。這一時(shí)期殷一直是商朝的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化中心。

Chinese slavery society welcomed its heydays after Shang moved its capital, as the political system was gradually consummated and rapid development occurred in the field of bronze production and agricultural production. Shang people were good at farming. Various agricultural tools used at that time and series of farming techniques mastered by people made more varied and even surplus produce available. This can be proven by the inscriptions of wine making on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang dynasty. Meanwhile, people began to raise livestock. And all these ensured the early trade. Records also show that people already noticed solar and lunar eclipses, which was the earliest with exact dates all over the world. Great progress was also made in science and technology as well as in culture. All in all, Yin stayed the political, economical and cultural center of the period.

商朝的最后一位國王紂十分兇殘暴虐，生活奢侈，不理政事，社會(huì)矛盾急劇惡化。同時(shí)，西部的周開始強(qiáng)大起來，雙方在殷附近展開了一場(chǎng)激戰(zhàn)，這就是中國歷史上著名的“牧野之戰(zhàn)”。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役以商的失敗而告終，商朝隨之滅亡，繁華的殷都也毀于戰(zhàn)火，變成廢墟。

King Zhou, the last King of the Shang dynasty, was especially cruel, and he gave little attention to government affairs and conflicts in every field became fierce. Meanwhile, Zhou, a kingdom in the west became stronger. Zhou and Shang had a battle near Yin, which was known as "War at Muye" in Chinese history. Shang ended up the defeated and its capital Yin also turned ruins in the flames of war.

直到春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，安陽地區(qū)才開始重新繁榮起來，這一時(shí)期，黃河流域一直是全國的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，安陽地區(qū)的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)地位十分重要，在這里興起了兩座十分重要的城市--鄴城和安陽。春秋時(shí)期齊桓公為了抵御外族的入侵，在占據(jù)了殷都舊地之后便在這里修筑了鄴城。晉國強(qiáng)大以后把安陽地區(qū)從魏國手中奪去，“安陽”的名稱也是在這一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的。

Anyang did not find its next spring until the Spring and Autumn-Warring States period, when the region along the Yellow River gained its military, as well as political and economic importance. Two cities were built: Yecheng and Anyang. The former was built on the ruins of Yin by Duke Huan of Qi state in the Spring and Autumn period for defense purpose. Jin state took over Anyang from Wei State by force, and gave the city the present name.

秦朝建立以后，在安陽置縣，隸屬于邯鄲郡，漢代廢除安陽縣，將安陽劃入湯陰縣。

After the Qin dynasty was founded, Anyang became a county of Handan prefecture. But it was made part of Tangyin county in the Han dynasty.

曹魏時(shí)期，曹操定都鄴。鄴成了北方的實(shí)際統(tǒng)治中心，安陽地區(qū)又重新繁榮起來。曹操在這里定都的原因是：這里人口眾多，糧食充足，有雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)；另一方面，它處于北方的中心，地位重要。

In the Three Kingdoms period, Ye was appointed by Cao Cao the capital of Wei and became the governance center of the north. Thus Anyang came to its glory again. The reason Cao Cao chose the place to be the capital is obvious: Anyang enjoyed economic advantage due to a dense population and abundant food supply. Moreover, situated in the center of the north, the city was of strategic importance.

●曹操像

●Portrait of Cao Cao

南北朝時(shí)期的東魏、北齊也都曾在這里建都，歷時(shí)近半個(gè)世紀(jì)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)佛教盛行，佛教思想迅速發(fā)展，佛教建筑興盛，直到今天還保留了眾多佛教遺址。

Then for nearly half a century in the period of Southern and Northern Dynasties, Anyang was the capital of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi successively. Numerous Buddhist buildings that have been preserved can still remind today's visitors of the glory of Buddhism in those days.

西晉初年，重新設(shè)置了安陽縣，屬于魏郡。隋朝時(shí)將安陽地區(qū)的殷和鄴合并，后來又把鄴縣改為安陽縣。在唐朝初期，安陽地區(qū)的地位也十分重要，這里曾設(shè)置都督府。

In the Sui dynasty, Yin and Ye were united into one, and Ye later was named Anyang county. In the Tang dynasty, given the importance of Anyang, the royal court established a governor-general office there.

宋代以后，安陽的地位開始日趨衰落。

After the Song dynasty, however, Anyang gradually lost its importance.