Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906—2001)
本文作者是名飛行家林白上校(Charles A. Lindbergh)的夫人,其父親是外交家。林白夫人寫詩,也寫小說;這篇文章選自她1955年出版的散文集《海的禮物)》(Gift from the Sea)。該書收了八篇文章,大多是林白夫人記錄自己在海濱的各種思想,大多有關婦女問題和人生問題。她的思想大多又是海濱的各種貝殼所引起的,所以這本書名《海的禮物》。這種發(fā)抒個人感慨的散文,在中國是“散文正宗”,美國十九世紀的散文也很多是這一種的,但是二十世紀便很少見。林白夫人此書出版后很受歡迎,列入暢銷書。
This is a snail shell, round, full and glossy as a horse chestnut. Comfortable and compact, it sits curled up like a cat in the hollow of my hand. Milky and opaque, it has the pinkish bloom of the sky on a summer evening, ripening to rain. On its smooth symmetrical face is pencilled with precision a perfect spiral, winding inward to the pinpoint center of the shell, the tiny dark core of the apex, the pupil of the eye. It stares at me, this mysterious single eye—and I stare back.
● snail:蝸牛。海灘上的貝殼,也有圓圓的像蝸牛殼的。full:豐滿的。glossy:光澤鮮明的。horse chestnut:“七葉樹”所結(jié)的果子,據(jù)說以前是馬的飼料。
● compact:滿滿的。Comfortable形容貝殼,似乎奇怪;但貝殼既比作為貓,此字也是妥當?shù)?。curled是過去分詞,作形容詞用,形容主語it。這兩句的形容詞,有些放在名詞的前面,有些放在后面,其間頗有考究。如第一句改成:This is a round snail shell. 第二句改成:It sits comfortable, compact, and curled up. 都比較差。
● in the hollow of my hand:在我手心里面(我手的洼處)。
● 第三句又是以兩個形容詞開頭。這種句法,至少可以省掉verb to be;否則的話It is comfortable and compact;it is milky and opaque:重復地說,句法很笨?,F(xiàn)在把形容詞放在一句之首,句子的主語還沒出現(xiàn);句子的重心不落在這幾個形容詞身上,句子里可以講些更重要的事。opaque:不透明的。bloom:紅潤之色。ripening:這個字來形容天空,很怪。原義是“成熟”,夏日黃昏,紅云漸濃,乃下雨之兆。
● symmetrical:對稱的。pencilled:并不真是用鉛筆畫的;線條很細,好像是鉛筆畫的。spiral:螺旋線。此字乃本句之主語。pinpoint:像針頭那樣細的。core:核心。此字和center是“同位”。pupil:瞳孔,這個字也是同位語。圓形的螺殼,好像是只眼睛。apex:頂點。
Now it is the moon, solitary in the sky, full and round, replete with power. Now it is the eye of a cat that brushes noiselessly through long grass at night. Now it is an island, set in ever-widening circles of waves, self-contained, serene.
● 作者看見這只螺殼,思潮大作,把它比作三件東西。Now連著用,表示“一下子這樣,一下子那樣”。
● replete:充滿了。power:如把月亮看作是神,它有它的權(quán)力,通常以為月亮有一種magical power,中國有僵尸拜月,狐貍拜月的傳說,西洋人以為月亮能使人發(fā)狂。至少月亮有吸動潮水的力量。
● a cat that中的that代替cat。brushes through:走過(身體跟外物磨擦的)。
● set是過去分詞:放在。self-contained:自足的。serene:寧靜的。這兩個形容詞,放到句子的結(jié)尾來了。形容island。
How wonderful are islands! Islands in space, like this one I have come to, ringed about by miles of water, linked by no bridges, no cables, no telephones. An island from the world and the world's life. Islands in time, like this short vacation of mine. The past and the future are cut off: only the present remains. One lives like a child or a saint in the immediacy of here and now. Every day, every act, is an island, washed by time and space, and has an island's completion. People, too, become like islands in such an atmosphere, self-contained, whole and serene; respecting other people's solitude, not intruding on their shores, standing back in reverence before the miracle of another individual. "No man is an island," said John Donne. I feel we are all islands—in a common sea.
● 說到這個螺殼像一座島,文章就轉(zhuǎn)到“島”上去了。島的特性是隔絕的:在空間上隔絕的,或者是在時間上隔絕的。空間上的島,像我在這里度假的那座島。
● ringed是過去分詞:圍繞。cables:海底電纜。以前人所想象的島是沒有橋梁和其他陸地相聯(lián)系的。但是現(xiàn)代人的想法不然,即使沒有橋梁,有電報電話,所謂孤島也者,還可以和外界聯(lián)絡。所以作者于linked by no bridges之后,再說no cables, no telephones,這才表示徹底孤立。
● Islands in space…是句不完全句子,后面兩句也都是不完全句子。
● An island from中的from有“隔絕”之意。英文的介詞,往往有中文的動詞之意義。如中文“民有、民治、民享”中間的“有、治、享”是三個動詞,在英文里便成了of the people, by the people, for the people了。
● 另外一種島嶼是時間上的島嶼,如我這短短的假期。它和過去,和未來都是隔絕的。(意思大約是說:我既不想過去,也不想將來。)
● here and now(成語):此時此地。immediacy是immediate的名詞形式:直接領略目前的情形。一個人要心無掛礙,無思無慮,才能做到這一地步。小孩子能,圣人亦能。
● Every day, every act雖然是兩件東西,動詞還是用單數(shù)形式。washed by time and space:把時間空間比作海水。has an island's completion=is complete in itself like an island:自身圓滿具足。
● 在這種氣氛之下,人也都像了一座一座的島了。誰也不去管別人的閑事:“尊敬別人的孤獨”。
● 既然把人比作島,那么管人的閑事,就好像插足到別人的島上去:闖入了別人的海岸(intruding on their shores)。
● reverence較之respect更多一層宗教上的“虔誠敬畏”之意。照基督教的看法,上帝創(chuàng)造人是一大奇跡(miracle)。我身之外,另有他人,此他人者,即是奇跡,我觀此奇跡,衷心敬之畏之,駐步不敢前(standing back)。人和人之間因此缺乏來往,這樣,兩個人就成了兩座孤島了。
● John Donne(1572—1631):英國名詩人,較莎士比亞晚生九年。他也是個有名的布道家,“No man is an island”是他的一篇講道文中的名句,講的是人人禍福相關,沒有人可以孤立;海明威有一部小說的標題For Whom the Bell Tolls,也出自同一篇文章:喪鐘為誰而響呢?為你而響。——別人喪生,你也受到影響。
● 但是本文作者,從另外一個觀點看來,以為人人都是孤島。人是寂寞的,人和人之間溝通是困難的,所以一個人是一座島。這和Donne人人禍福相關的看法不同。
We are all, in the last analysis, alone. And this basic state of solitude is not something we have any choice about. It is, as the poet Rilke says, "not something that one can take or leave. We are solitary. We may delude ourselves and act as though this were not so. That is all. But how much better it is to realize that we are so, yes, even to begin by assuming it. Naturally," he goes on to say, "we will turn giddy."
● in the last analysis:分析到最后;歸根結(jié)底。
● basic state of solitude:人類的基本狀態(tài)——寂寞。we have any choice about:是adjective clause。對于人生之寂寞,我們并無選擇之余地。人生而寂寞;如欲不寂寞,為不可能之事。只有寂寞的一條路,沒有第二條路。Rilke(1875—1926):奧國詩人。It is…not something:句法是上一句this basic state of solitude is not something的重復。take or leave(成語):接受或不接受。人生有些東西(如非義之財),你可以取(take),也可以不?。╨eave),這就是所謂choice,但是人生的寂寞,是無法避免的。
● delude:哄騙。act:如此這般地做人。as though this were not so:好像是人生并不寂寞的。
● That is all:僅此而已。假如有人以為人生并不寂寞,或者興高采烈地和別人相聚為樂,這“無非”是自己騙自己,他忘記了這點基本事實而已。
● how much better it is:it代替to realize體會到,領悟到我們確是寂寞(so代替solitary)。我們盡可自騙自,但是領悟到這一點,對于我們是有好處的。
● yes=moreover,in addition。前面所說固然不錯,我們還可以更進一步地說。
● to begin by assuming it:做人一開頭就假定人生的寂寞,不要自騙自,這樣更好。begin by+gerund是成語:以某事開始,如He began by scolding us, saying…(他對我們說話是以責罵開頭的;他一開頭就責罵我們,說道……)。
● we will這里的will沒有意志作用,只是表示將來。假如我們念念不忘人生的寂寞,無疑我們將要頭暈眼花(giddy),支持為難。
Naturally. How one hates to think of oneself as alone. How one avoids it. It seems to imply rejection or unpopularity. An early wallflower panic still clings to the word. One will be left, one fears, sitting in a straight-backed chair alone, while the popular girls are already chosen and spinning around the dance floor with their hot-palmed partners.
● Naturally:這是本文作者附和Rilke的話。Rilke剛用過Naturally這個字(原文是德文),這里接著用一個。人領悟到人生的寂寞之后,當然是要頭暈眼花的。
● How one avoids it:it可能是代替上一句to think of oneself as alone。這兩句以How開頭,都是不完全句子。
● imply:含有……之意。我們怕寂寞,因為寂寞含有不見容于人(rejection),或不受歡迎(unpopularity)之意。
● early:早期所養(yǎng)成的。panic:恐慌心理。wallflower:舞會中無人邀舞的女子。西洋女子視舞會為正式社交場合,假如眾人皆舞,我獨向隅,這個味道是不好受的。她們很早就有這種心理,這種心理也就附著于(clings to)這個字上。the word:什么字?可能是alone;較好的是solitude。
● one fears:是插入語句。怕的是什么呢?作者更具體的描寫舞會中受冷落的情形。這樣的寂寞確實可怕,但是人生的基本寂寞(basic state of solitude)和舞會里的寂寞不同。舞會里的寂寞只是rejection,unpopularity而已。leave這個字用處很大,前面剛剛見過take or leave。leave也有“不加理睬”之意,leave me alone(不要來惹我)是成語。這句話的結(jié)構(gòu),還是從這個成語脫胎而出:One will be left…alone。
● straight-backed chair:靠背筆直的,強調(diào)不舒服的情形。人家跳舞,我在沙發(fā)上躺一回,也蠻舒服,偏偏坐在硬椅子上。
● popular是受人歡迎,人見人愛。chosen:這句連用兩個被動式動詞:will be left和are already chosen。主語不明,用被動式較妥。spinning:蝴蝶穿花似地轉(zhuǎn)。這個動詞很生動,目的也無非強調(diào)做wallflower的可怕。hot-palmed:掌心是熱的。這個形容詞也很生動。自己沒有下場子跳,但是不難想象別人相依相偎的親熱情形。美國女人很早就有怕寂寞的心理,所以要逃避寂寞。
We seem so frightened today of being alone that we never let it happen. Even if family, friends, and movies should fail, there is still the radio or television to fill up the void. Women, who used to complain of loneliness, need never be alone any more. We can do our housework with soap-opera heroes at our side. Even day-dreaming was more creative than this; it demanded something of oneself and it fed the inner life. Now instead of planting our solitude with our dream blossoms, we choke the space with continuous music, chatter and companionship to which we do not even listen. It is simply there to fill the vacuum. When the noise stops there is no inner music to take its place. We must relearn to be alone.
● alone是形容詞, 不可以做of的賓語,一定要加一個being。frightened of being alone:我們畏懼寂寞。never let it happen:不讓寂寞發(fā)生。想盡辦法,消除寂寞。
● fail:失??;不能幫我們消除寂寞。fill up the void:填補空虛。
● need never be alone:need用于否定句中,后面通常不用to。alone要和be連接著用,前面已經(jīng)說過了。
● soap-opera:低級廣播?。ㄋ缘妹峙率怯捎谔娣试砉咀鰪V告而起)。at our side:一面做家務工作,一面聽收音機(或看電視),廣播劇中的人物就在我們身旁,我們毋庸憂懼寂寞了。
● 這種消遣方法,本文作者是反對的。她認為聽低級廣播劇的時候,腦筋只是消極地接受,不能積極地創(chuàng)造。
● day-dreaming:白日夢。過去家里沒有收音機,我們無聊的時候,只好胡思亂想。作者認為這樣做白日夢反而多一點創(chuàng)造性。was more creative:注意時態(tài)。這是在收音機尚未普及之時。前面有一句who used to complain也用的是過去式。過去是那樣,現(xiàn)在是這樣。
● it demanded something of oneself,做白日夢還需要自己動用腦筋。它向自己要求些什么。demand和of是連用的,例如:He demanded a dollar of me。fed:喂飼,滋養(yǎng)。做白日夢也可使精神生活內(nèi)容更為充實。使精神生活內(nèi)容充實,作者在下一句換了一種說法:在我們的寂寞(的土地)上,種上夢想的花朵。
● the space:這塊空地(即無聊的時候)。choke:窒息。扼殺這塊地皮的生機。我們非但不去(instead of)種花以培養(yǎng)生機,反而扼殺之。continuous music, chatter and companiomhip:作者用這幾個字代替廣播或電視的節(jié)目——不斷的音樂,不斷的聊天,不斷的有人跟你作伴。
● 我們雖說是在聽廣播,其實也并不聚精會神地聽。空閑的時候,本來可以用以思想的,現(xiàn)在讓廣播節(jié)目占據(jù)住了,這些節(jié)目我們其實也不好好地聽的。
● It is simply there中的It代替continuous music等等。fill the vacuum:填補空虛。
● 人的奇思妙想,可以說是內(nèi)心的音樂。但是近代人只倚賴外面的雜聲,以填補精神的空虛。外面的雜聲停止之時,我們內(nèi)心沒有音樂去取代雜聲的地位。
● 如何應付寂寞,也成了一種學問。古人是知道的,今人必須重新學習,如何在寂寞之中,充實內(nèi)心生活。
It is a difficult lesson to learn today—to leave one's friends and family and deliberately practice the art of solitude for an hour or day or a week. I find there is a quality to being alone that is incredibly precious. Life rushes back into the void, richer, more vivid, fuller than before.
● deliberately:故意地。practice:美國人拿practice當動詞用,英國人則用practise。practice the art of solitude:實習獨處之道。
● being alone兩個字連起來,是一名詞短語,前面已經(jīng)說過了。
● 介詞to這樣的用法,《簡明牛津字典》里有一個例句:
There is a moral to it.(這件事情里有一個教訓;我們可以從這件事情得到一個教訓。)
這里是:我發(fā)現(xiàn)在寂寞里有一種性質(zhì)——一種不可思議(令人難信)的寶貴的性質(zhì)。
● Life:在寂寞之時,我們可以思想。我們想起各種問題,各種人物,好像生命又涌回到這段空虛里來。這時的生命,較之我們平日的生活更為豐富,更為生動,更為充實。
For a full day and two nights I have been alone. I lay on the beach under the stars at night alone. I made my breakfast alone. Alone I watched the gulls at the end of the pier, dip and wheel and dive for the scraps I threw them. A morning's work at my desk, and then, a late picnic lunch alone, on the beach. And it seemed to me, separated from my own species, that I was nearer to others: the sandpiper, running in little unfrightened steps down the shining beach ahead of me; the slowly flapping pelicans over my head, coasting down wind; the old gull, hunched up, grouchy, surveying the horizon. I felt a kind of impersonal kinship with them and a joy in that kinship. Beauty of earth and sea and air meant more to me. I was in harmony with it, melted into the universe, lost in it, as one is lost in a canticle of praise, swelling from an unknown crowd in a cathedral. "Praise ye the Lord, all the fishes of the sea—all ye birds of the air—all ye children of men—Praise ye the Lord!"
● 這一段作者講她自己practice the art of solitude的經(jīng)驗。
● 前三句都用alone結(jié)尾,第四句用alone開頭。這是造句變化之法。gulls:海鷗。pier:碼頭。dip:以身浸水。wheel:盤旋地飛。dive:俯沖。三個動詞都是不定式。在watched后面的不定式動詞是不要用to的。scraps:碎片(食物)。
● A morning's work:這是不完全句子。separated from my own species:與我同類隔絕;離開人群。我因此和別種動物更為接近。
● sandpiper:磯鷂。unfrightened:見人不畏,本是形容鳥的,但是作者用來形容steps,鳥的動作(奔跑)因此更為傳神。shining:此字乃是畫龍點睛之筆。得此字而全景乃耀然光亮矣。
● flapping:拍翅的。pelicans:塘鵝。coasting:(乘風)滑翔(而下)。
● hunched up:弓著背。grouchy:心有不平的、牢騷滿腹的樣子。surveying the horizon:仔細地看著天邊。
● kinship:“民胞物與”、“眾生皆我類也”之感。
● melted(過去分詞):融化消失(形容主語)。
● canticle:贊美歌。swelling:(樂聲)揚起。
● ye:古式的you,所引歌似出自《圣經(jīng)·舊約·但以理書》第三章,但圣經(jīng)語句與此處所引略有不同。
Yes, I felt closer to my fellow men too, even in my solitude. For it is not physical solitude that actually separates one from other men, not physical isolation, but spiritual isolation. It is not the desert island nor the stony wilderness that cuts you from the people you love. It is the wilderness in the mind, the desert wastes in the heart through which one wanders lost and a stranger. When one is a stranger to oneself, then one is estranged from others too. If one is out of touch with oneself, then one cannot touch others. How often in a large city, shaking hand with my friends, I have felt the wilderness stretching between us. Both of us were wandering in arid wastes, having lost the springs that nourished us or having found them dry. Only when one is connected to one's own core is one connected to others, I am beginning to discover. And, for me, the core, the inner spring, can best be refound through solitude.
● physical solitude:外表的(物質(zhì)的)寂寞。下一句desert island,stony wilderness即說明所謂physical solitude,physical isolation。
● 本段的兩個desert都是形容詞。
● 前面說separates one from other men,接著說cuts you from the people you love,這是用字的變化。
● wastes:荒地。It is the wilderness in the mind…是不完全句子。后面省了that cuts you…等字。lost是過去分詞,形容主語one。a stranger和主語one同位。
● a stranger to oneself:自己不認識自己。不認識自己,焉能認識別人?這就是所謂spiritual isolation。estranged from:(和別人)隔膜。
● the wilderness stretching between us:在大都市里,我雖和朋友握手,但是我們精神上并無溝通,只是形式上的寒暄而已。我覺得我們之間有一塊長長的荒地,把我們隔離。stretching:伸展。
● Both of us:此三字略有微疵。因為前面說的是my friends;但是both of us應該是我和我的朋友(friend,單數(shù))。代名詞所指不明。arid:干燥不毛的。springs:泉水,甘泉(即精神上的生機)。nourished:滋養(yǎng)。found them dry的them代springs。
● core:核心。connected to one's core:和自己的靈魂有聯(lián)系;有自己的精神生活,不單是追逐聲色貨利。此句的主句中的動詞is置于主語one之前。在前面有Only when的狀語從句時,主句的倒置句法是很常見的。
● I am beginning to discover是插入語句。
● 末句再說明the core,那就是內(nèi)心的甘泉,它是在寂寞之中最容易(best)被你重新發(fā)現(xiàn)的。