Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years, even the past 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
1.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
A.A lack of mates. B.A fierce competition.
C.A lower survival rate. D.A defective gene.
2.What does the example of India illustrate?
A.Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
B.Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
C.The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
D.India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
3.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_______.
A.life has been improved by technological advance
B.the number of female babies has been declining
C.our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D.the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution B.Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution
C.The Evolutionary Future of Nature D.Human Evolution Going Nowhere
5.Which of the following statements is NOT natural selection?
A.Male mortality. B.Having less offspring.
C.Baby mortality. D.Stable physical state.
長(zhǎng)難例句分析
[長(zhǎng)難例句]Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句中,主干是differences and the opportunity have diminished。介詞短語(yǔ)between people作定語(yǔ)修飾differences;for natural selection to take advantage of it是定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾 opportunity。
[參考譯文]人與人之間的差異和利用差異進(jìn)行自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)逐漸減小。
全文參考譯文
男人一直面臨危險(xiǎn)。男女出生時(shí)比率大約為105:100,但到了成熟期,這種比率下降,幾乎達(dá)到平衡,在70歲的老年人中,女性比男性多一倍??墒悄行运劳雎矢哌@一顯然特征正在改變。如今的男嬰存活率同女?huà)胍粯?。這代表著男孩到了尋找伴侶的關(guān)鍵年齡,將第一時(shí)間出現(xiàn)男孩過(guò)?,F(xiàn)象。更重要的是,又失去了一個(gè)自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)。50年前,嬰兒(尤其是男嬰)存活下來(lái)的幾率取決于其體重。輕1千克或重1千克都幾乎代表著必死無(wú)疑。體重在今天幾乎不起作用。由于很多差別是由基因引起的,因而又一個(gè)進(jìn)化因素消失了。
消滅進(jìn)化因素的另一種方法就是高存活率,少生孩子。如今很少人像從前那樣生殖力旺盛。排除一些宗教群體,很少有婦女生15個(gè)孩子。今天所生孩子的數(shù)目就像死亡年齡一樣,人人都差不多。我們大多數(shù)人家的子女人數(shù)幾乎都一樣多。人與人之間的差異和利用差異進(jìn)行自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)逐漸減小。印度正在發(fā)生的情況證明了一切。該國(guó)為大城市的一部分人提供財(cái)富,而其余那些仍保持群居的部落民族依然貧困。今天最大的相同點(diǎn),每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都一樣,這意味著,與部落比較,自然選擇在印度中上階層已失去80%的作用。
對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),這代表著進(jìn)化已結(jié)束;已經(jīng)達(dá)到了生物的理想境界。令人奇怪的是,這種進(jìn)化幾乎不涉及身體的變化。沒(méi)有另外的物種在大自然中占有這么多的地方??稍谶^(guò)去的10萬(wàn)年,甚至100年中,我們的生活發(fā)生了改變,但我們的身體卻沒(méi)有改變。我們之所以沒(méi)有進(jìn)化,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會(huì)替我們改變了生活。達(dá)爾文有一句話(huà)描述了那些對(duì)進(jìn)化一無(wú)所知的人:他們“看有機(jī)的生命就像野人看一條船,如看某種超出理解范圍的東西”。不用懷疑,我們將會(huì)記住20世紀(jì)的生活方式,即使其丑態(tài)超出人的理解,但是,不論我們的子孫對(duì)我們距理想狀態(tài)的遙遠(yuǎn)感到多么迷惑不解,可他們將長(zhǎng)得和我們一樣。
題目答案與解析
1.依照文章的第一段,作為男性過(guò)去面臨的危險(xiǎn)是什么?
A.缺少配偶?!.激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)?!.更低的存活率?!.基因有缺陷。
【答案】C
【解析】本題可參照文章的第一段。從中可知,身為男性,總是有危險(xiǎn);男、女的出生比例大約為105:100,但是到成年時(shí),這個(gè)比例就下降了,幾乎持平;在70歲的老年人中,女性的人數(shù)比男性多一倍。據(jù)此可知,以前,男性面臨的危險(xiǎn)是死亡率普遍高。C項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
2.舉印度的例子是用來(lái)說(shuō)明什么問(wèn)題?
A.富人生的子女往往比窮人少。 B.自然選擇在富人和窮人中幾乎起不了作用。
C.中產(chǎn)階層的人口比部落人口少80%?!.印度是人口出生率非常高的國(guó)家之一。
【答案】B
【解析】本題可參照文章的第二段。從中可知:如今很少人像從前那樣生殖力旺盛。排除一些宗教群體,很少有婦女生15個(gè)孩子。今天所生孩子的數(shù)目就像死亡年齡一樣,人人都差不多。我們大多數(shù)人家的子女人數(shù)幾乎都一樣多。人與人之間的差異和利用差異進(jìn)行自然選擇的機(jī)會(huì)逐漸減小。印度正在發(fā)生的情況證明了一切。該國(guó)為大城市的一部分人提供財(cái)富,而其余那些仍保持群居的部落民族依然貧困。今天最大的相同點(diǎn),每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都一樣,這意味著,與部落比較,自然選擇在印度中上階層已失去80%的作用。據(jù)此可知,印度的例子說(shuō)明——在印度,自然選擇在窮人和富人之間所起的作用大大降低了。B項(xiàng)與文中的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
3.作者爭(zhēng)論道,我們的身體已經(jīng)停止進(jìn)化的原因是________。
A.技術(shù)的進(jìn)步改善了人的生活 B.女?huà)氲臄?shù)量一直在減少
C.我們已經(jīng)達(dá)到進(jìn)化的最高境界 D.貧富之間的差距正在消失
【答案】A
【解析】本題可參照文章的第三段。從中可知,我們沒(méi)有進(jìn)化,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會(huì)代替我們進(jìn)化了。據(jù)此可知,我們的身體已經(jīng)停止進(jìn)化的原因是機(jī)器和社會(huì)代替我們進(jìn)化了,也就是先進(jìn)的技術(shù)代替我們進(jìn)化了。A項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
4.以下各項(xiàng)中,哪項(xiàng)可以作為本文的最佳標(biāo)題?
A.人類(lèi)進(jìn)化中性別比例的變化 B.延續(xù)人類(lèi)進(jìn)化的方法
C.自然的進(jìn)化前景 D.人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化停止了
【答案】D
【解析】從文章第一段的內(nèi)容可知,如今,男嬰和女?huà)氲拇婊盥蕩缀跻粯?;這就意味著,自然選擇的另一個(gè)偶然性已經(jīng)被消除;因?yàn)榇蟛糠值淖儺愂怯苫蛞鸬模赃M(jìn)化的又一個(gè)因素不存在了;從第二段的內(nèi)容可知,如今,幾乎沒(méi)有人像過(guò)去那樣能生育了;現(xiàn)在,出生的人數(shù)已經(jīng)平均化;我們大多數(shù)人所生的子女幾乎一樣多;人與人之間的差別以及利用這種差別進(jìn)行自然選擇的良機(jī)都已經(jīng)減少;每個(gè)人的壽命相同,所生的子女?dāng)?shù)量也一樣;從文章最后一段的內(nèi)容可知,對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō),這意味著進(jìn)化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了;生物學(xué)上的理想境界已經(jīng)來(lái)臨;過(guò)去10萬(wàn)年——甚至過(guò)去100年,我們的生活發(fā)生了變化,但我們的身體卻沒(méi)有改變;我們沒(méi)有進(jìn)化,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會(huì)代替我們進(jìn)化了;無(wú)論我們的后代感到多么驚奇,他們還是會(huì)看起來(lái)跟我們一樣。據(jù)此可知,本文主要講的是——由于一些進(jìn)化因素的消失,人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。D項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
5.下面的哪個(gè)說(shuō)法不是自然選擇?
A.男性死亡率?!.后代少?!.嬰兒死亡率?!.穩(wěn)定的體質(zhì)。
【答案】D
【解析】本題考查對(duì)全文的總結(jié)能力。最后一段中講述到了人的體質(zhì)這么多年來(lái)沒(méi)有進(jìn)化的原因。
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