Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive in 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter's speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has Sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive — there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms — he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china." A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
1.According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English_______.
A.is inevitable in radical education reforms
B.is but all too natural in language development
C.has caused the controversy over the counter-culture
D.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
2.The word "talking" (Line 5, Para. 3) denotes_______.
A.modesty B.personality C.liveliness D.informality
3.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
4.The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's_______.
A.interest in their language B.appreciation of their efforts
C.admiration for their memory D.contempt for their old-fashionedness
5.According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as_______.
A."temporary" is to "permanent" B."radical" is to "conservative"
C."functional" is to "artistic" D."humble" is to "noble"
長(zhǎng)難例句分析
[長(zhǎng)難例句]As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive — there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。主干是he acknowledges that...。that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句子中,all varieties of human language是主語(yǔ);can be powerfully expressive是謂語(yǔ)。破折號(hào)后面的句子對(duì)主句表達(dá)的思想做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾language or dialect。
[參考譯文]作為一名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,他認(rèn)為所有類型的人類語(yǔ)言,包括像黑人英語(yǔ)那樣的不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言,都可以極具表現(xiàn)力——世界上還不存在不能表達(dá)復(fù)雜思想的語(yǔ)言或方言。
全文參考譯文
無(wú)論是在演說(shuō)中還是在寫(xiě)作中,美國(guó)人都不再期待公眾人物在應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)時(shí)有技巧和天分。他們也不渴望自己應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)時(shí)也是如此。John McWhorter是一位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,也是一位兼具自由和保守觀點(diǎn)的有爭(zhēng)議的人物,在其最近出版的名為《自行其是:語(yǔ)言和音樂(lè)的退化及我們?yōu)槭裁磻?yīng)當(dāng)、喜歡、在乎》的書(shū)中,他指出20世紀(jì)60年代反文化的勝利應(yīng)該對(duì)正規(guī)英語(yǔ)的衰落負(fù)責(zé)任。
責(zé)備20世紀(jì)60年代的放任并不是什么新鮮事,但是,這還算不上對(duì)教育衰落的另一種批評(píng)。McWhorter先生的專業(yè)是語(yǔ)言的歷史和演變,比如,他認(rèn)為,whom一詞的逐漸消失是很自然的事情,同古代英語(yǔ)中格的消失一樣并不令人遺憾。
然而,狂熱崇尚真實(shí)和個(gè)性化以及“自行其是”已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致正式演說(shuō)、寫(xiě)作、詩(shī)歌以及音樂(lè)的死亡。在20世紀(jì)60年代以前,連那些受教育程度不太高的人在動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)東西時(shí)都在尋求高雅的語(yǔ)調(diào),但自從那時(shí)起,連那些最受尊敬的寫(xiě)作都尋求應(yīng)用口頭英語(yǔ)。同樣,在詩(shī)歌中,只有高度個(gè)性化的詩(shī)歌類型才可以稱得上真正具有活力的詩(shī)歌。在口頭和書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,隨意言談勝過(guò)正式演說(shuō),自由發(fā)揮勝過(guò)字斟句酌。
大量的高雅和粗俗文化的有趣事例表明了McWhorter先生所證實(shí)的趨勢(shì)是一目了然的。但是,面對(duì)副標(biāo)題中的問(wèn)題“我們?yōu)槭裁磻?yīng)當(dāng)、喜歡、在乎”的答案則不那么清楚。作為一名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,他認(rèn)為所有類型的人類語(yǔ)言,包括像黑人英語(yǔ)那樣的不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言,都可以極具表現(xiàn)力——世界上還不存在不能表達(dá)復(fù)雜思想的語(yǔ)言或方言。正如許多人一樣,他不是在爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)我們?cè)僖膊荒苡袟l理地思考,因?yàn)槲覀儫o(wú)法恰當(dāng)?shù)亟徽劇?/p>
俄羅斯人很喜愛(ài)自己的語(yǔ)言,他們的腦海中記錄著大量的詩(shī)歌,而意大利的政客們往往向大多數(shù)講英語(yǔ)者詳細(xì)闡述他們似乎老掉牙的演說(shuō)。McWhorter先生認(rèn)為,正式語(yǔ)言不是確實(shí)需要的,他沒(méi)有建議進(jìn)行激進(jìn)的教育改革——他確實(shí)在為失去某些美好而非有用的東西感到悲傷。我們現(xiàn)在把英語(yǔ)放在“紙盤上而不是瓷器上”。也許這是一種遺憾,但可能是一種無(wú)法避免的遺憾。
題目答案與解析
1.按照McWhorter的觀點(diǎn),正式英語(yǔ)的衰落________。
A.在激進(jìn)的教育改革過(guò)程中是不可避免的 B.只不過(guò)是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展過(guò)程中的自然現(xiàn)象
C.已經(jīng)引發(fā)人們有關(guān)反文化的爭(zhēng)論 D.導(dǎo)致20世紀(jì)60年代公眾態(tài)度的變化
【答案】B
【解析】本題可參照文章的第一段。從中可知,John McWhorter是一位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,也是一位摻雜自由和保守觀點(diǎn)的有爭(zhēng)議人物,在其最近出版的書(shū)中,他認(rèn)為,20世紀(jì)60年代反文化的勝利應(yīng)該對(duì)正規(guī)英語(yǔ)的衰落負(fù)責(zé)任;McWhorter先生的專業(yè)是語(yǔ)言史和語(yǔ)言的演變,比如,他認(rèn)為,whom一詞的逐漸消失是很自然的事情,同古代英語(yǔ)中格的消失一樣并不令人遺憾。據(jù)此可知,McWhorter認(rèn)為正規(guī)英語(yǔ)的衰落是非常自然的現(xiàn)象。B項(xiàng)的“只不過(guò)是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展過(guò)程中的自然現(xiàn)象”與McWhorter的觀點(diǎn)相符,因此為正確答案。
2.單詞“talking”(第三段第五行)意為_(kāi)_______。
A.謙遜 B.個(gè)性 C.活潑 D.非正式
【答案】D
【解析】本題可參照文章的第三段。從中可知,20世紀(jì)60年代以前,連那些受過(guò)適當(dāng)教育的人在動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)東西時(shí)都在尋求高雅的語(yǔ)調(diào),但那以后,連那些最受尊敬的寫(xiě)作都尋求應(yīng)用口頭英語(yǔ);同樣,在詩(shī)歌中,只有高度個(gè)性化的詩(shī)歌類型才可以稱得上真正具有活力的詩(shī)歌;在口頭和書(shū)面英語(yǔ)中,隨意言談勝過(guò)正式演說(shuō),自由發(fā)揮勝過(guò)字斟句酌。據(jù)此可知,該單詞的意思是“隨意言談”。D項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
3.下面各項(xiàng)中,McWhorter最有可能贊同的說(shuō)法是哪項(xiàng)?
A.邏輯思維不一定與我們的談話方式有關(guān)。
B.黑人英語(yǔ)可能比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)更具表現(xiàn)力。
C.非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類型的人類語(yǔ)言只是有趣。
D.在所有類型中,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)能夠最恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)復(fù)雜思想。
【答案】A
【解析】本題可參照文章的文章第四段。從中可知,通過(guò)大量來(lái)自于高雅和粗俗文化的有趣例子,McWhorter先生證實(shí)的趨勢(shì)是清楚明白的;但是,面對(duì)副標(biāo)題中的問(wèn)題“我們?yōu)槭裁磻?yīng)當(dāng)喜歡、在乎”,則不那么清楚;作為一名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,他承認(rèn),所有類型的人類語(yǔ)言,包括像黑人英語(yǔ)那樣的不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言,都可以極具表現(xiàn)力——世界上還不存在不能表達(dá)復(fù)雜思想的語(yǔ)言或方言;正如許多人一樣,他不是在爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)我們?cè)僖膊荒苡袟l理地思考,因?yàn)槲覀儫o(wú)法恰當(dāng)?shù)亟徽?。?jù)此可知,McWhorter可能認(rèn)為,人們的思維方式與人們的交談方式?jīng)]有多大關(guān)系。A項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
4.對(duì)于俄羅斯人喜愛(ài)記住的詩(shī)歌的描述表現(xiàn)出作者_(dá)_______。
A.對(duì)他們的語(yǔ)言有興趣 B.贊賞他們作出的努力
C.贊賞他們的記憶力 D.蔑視他們過(guò)時(shí)的風(fēng)格
【答案】B
【解析】本題可參照文章的最后一段。從中可知,俄羅斯人深愛(ài)他們自己的語(yǔ)言,他們的腦海中記錄著大量詩(shī)歌,而意大利的政客們往往向大多數(shù)講英語(yǔ)者詳細(xì)闡述他們似乎老掉牙的演說(shuō)。據(jù)此可知,作者欽佩俄羅斯人的努力。B項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
5.按照本文的最后一段,把“紙盤子”與“瓷器”相比就像________。
A.把“暫時(shí)的”與“永久的”相比 B.把“激進(jìn)的”與“保守的”相比
C.把“實(shí)用的”與“藝術(shù)的”相比 D.把“粗俗的”與“高雅的”相比
【答案】C
【解析】從文章的最后一段可知,McWhorter先生承認(rèn),正規(guī)語(yǔ)言不是確實(shí)需要的,他沒(méi)有建議進(jìn)行激進(jìn)的教育改革——他確實(shí)在為失去某些更好而非有用的東西感到悲傷;我們現(xiàn)在把英語(yǔ)放在“紙盤上而不是瓷器上”;也許這是一種遺憾,但可能是一種無(wú)法避免的遺憾。據(jù)此可知,把“紙盤子”與“瓷器”相比是在比較用途和美觀。C項(xiàng)與文章的意思相符,因此為正確答案。
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