2015年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀句子分析(4)：跳讀方法

　　Scanning——跳讀

　　跳讀其實(shí)對(duì)大家來(lái)說(shuō)就比較熟悉了。首先是找準(zhǔn)題干關(guān)鍵詞，然后帶入原文定位尋找答案。段落中與關(guān)鍵詞無(wú)關(guān)部分可以一概略去不看。每次快速閱讀考試都有幾個(gè)直接定關(guān)鍵詞就能得答案的送分題。比如2009年6月份第三題：

　　3. What is becoming essential in the course of economic globalization according to the author?

　　A) Hiring qualified technical and management personnel.

　　B) Increasing understanding of people of other cultures.

　　C) Constantly updating knowledge and equipment.

　　D) Expanding domestic and international markets.

　　題目問(wèn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程中什么變得非常重要(essential)。本題的關(guān)鍵詞為essential，帶入到文章中很快發(fā)現(xiàn)它出現(xiàn)在全文第五段：Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions. 題目簡(jiǎn)單就簡(jiǎn)單在essential之后的部分便是我們要找的內(nèi)容——expand our under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions(加深對(duì)異域文化的了解，重新審視自己那些不實(shí)的假想)，答案選擇B。

　　快速閱讀中的填空題更也幾乎全部依靠跳讀來(lái)定位。比如2010年6月第十題：

　　10. Now that she's got a boyfriend, Toebe is no longer crazy about __________.

　　題目的關(guān)鍵詞當(dāng)然是Toebe，再加上這又是最后一題，所以很快判斷出應(yīng)該到最后一段答案。

　　Since then, Toebe said, she has kept her promise to herself to cut back on her Internet use. "I have a boyfriend now, and I'm not interested in online dating," she said by phone last week. "It's a lot better now."

　　題目橫線之前最后幾個(gè)詞是crazy about(癡迷于)。這個(gè)詞組沒(méi)有在原文出現(xiàn)，不過(guò)卻出現(xiàn)了近義詞組interested in，所以在其后的短語(yǔ)online dating就成為了本題的答案。

　　結(jié)合剛才兩道題大家應(yīng)該看到，跳讀的基礎(chǔ)是要找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，專有名詞、時(shí)間數(shù)字、特殊名詞短語(yǔ)這三類詞匯是最容易被選中作為關(guān)鍵詞的，因?yàn)樗鼈儤?biāo)記明顯，非常易于辨認(rèn)。

　　不過(guò)近幾年也出現(xiàn)了不少有一定挑戰(zhàn)性的題目。例如2008年6月第二題：

　　2. With the increase in the number of TV channels_________.

　　A) the cost of TV advertising has decreased

　　B) the nuiflber of TV viewers has increased

　　C) advertisers' interest in other media has decreased

　　D) the number of TV ads people can see has increased

　　Television's influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous(具有共同特點(diǎn)的) than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.

　　在本段中TV channels或者channel這個(gè)詞多次出現(xiàn)給考生帶來(lái)了不小的挑戰(zhàn)。顯然通讀全段是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。在這里也再次提醒讀者注意，在應(yīng)試過(guò)程中通讀原文是萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可采用的方法，很明顯這樣做也是違背了命題的初衷。比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的方法是找到該段中所有出現(xiàn)channel的句子，逐個(gè)與題目要求做比較，從而快速判斷。一個(gè)個(gè)比較下來(lái)之后發(fā)現(xiàn)，在second這個(gè)詞后面的句子是最符合題意的。“there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers”——電視頻道的增加意味著觀眾能看到的廣告數(shù)量增加了。這樣不難看出D為正確答案。

　　細(xì)心的讀者可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了，無(wú)論是skimming還是scanning，都有可能牽涉到一個(gè)結(jié)合題干事先判斷有效句的問(wèn)題。而且一旦題目深入到這個(gè)層次也就無(wú)一例外的成為了該年度考試中的難題。不過(guò)這種判斷過(guò)程實(shí)際也是有規(guī)律可循的——重點(diǎn)考察句子的前半部分，特別是狀語(yǔ)部分。下面以2010年6月份第5題為例加以說(shuō)明。

　　5. According to Orzack, people who struggle with heavy reliance on the Internet may feel __________.

　　A) discouraged

　　B) pressured

　　C) depressed

　　D) puzzled

　　這道題目的關(guān)鍵詞是人名Orzack，對(duì)應(yīng)的段落比較多

　　Excessive Internet use should be defined not by the number of hours spent online but "in terms of losses," said Maressa Orzack, a Harvard University professor. "If it's a loss [where] you're not getting to work, and family relationships are breaking down as a result, then it's too much."

　　Since the early 1990s, several clinics have been established in the U. S. to treat heavy Internet users. They include the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and the Center for Internet Behavior.

　　The website for Orzack's center lists the following among the psychological symptoms of computer addiction:

　　…

　　Physical symptoms listed include dry eyes, backaches, skipping meals, poor personal hygiene (衛(wèi)生) and sleep disturbances.

　　People who struggle with excessive Internet use maybe depressed or have other mood disorders, Orzack said. When she discusses Internet habits with her patients, they often report that being online offers a "sense of belonging, and escape, excitement [and] fun," she said. "Some people say relief…because they find themselves so relaxed."

　　不少考生看到這兒就覺(jué)得無(wú)所適從，不知從何讀起，更不知道從何處尋覓答案。首先要記住題目要求——與網(wǎng)絡(luò)依賴想抗?fàn)幍娜藭?huì)有什么心理反應(yīng)。循著這個(gè)線索逐一比較這幾個(gè)段落。首先排除第一段，因?yàn)樗拈_(kāi)始部分講的是過(guò)度沉迷互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——excessive Internet use;第二段起始部分是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)——since the early 1990s，這個(gè)也不是題目所涉及的內(nèi)容/同理排除第三段和第四段。一直到第四段第一句終于出現(xiàn)了與題干幾乎完全重合的部分，由此判斷答案必然在該句出現(xiàn)。果不其然，答案就是“People who struggle with excessive Internet use maybe depressed”——與網(wǎng)絡(luò)沉迷抗?fàn)幍娜丝赡軙?huì)感覺(jué)情緒低落，所以該題答案選擇C。

　　綜上所述，考生們只要牢牢掌握好跳讀與略低兩個(gè)基本方法，再勤加訓(xùn)練就一定能在快速閱讀部分拿到理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。