托福寫(xiě)作要了解的重要原則

　　對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的字?jǐn)?shù)要求，官方的說(shuō)法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。

　　可見(jiàn)，若想得到高分，考生最好能將文章寫(xiě)到300字以上，雖然有些文章字?jǐn)?shù)不足但仍可得到滿分，但是畢竟這種情況比較罕見(jiàn)，要充分對(duì)于考題展開(kāi)論述，從而有利地支持文章觀點(diǎn)，充足的字?jǐn)?shù)是必須的。

　　二、不準(zhǔn)文章模式化

　　文章的發(fā)展指的是運(yùn)用例子，細(xì)節(jié)和理由來(lái)支持你在文章中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)。閱卷者不希望看到考生為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)而過(guò)多使用一些 “模式化”的單詞或句子來(lái)發(fā)展文章，也不愿意看到考生過(guò)多抄襲或者沿用題目中的句子。他們會(huì)考察考生在用自己的話論述觀點(diǎn)上的能力。比如：

　　Some people say that advertising encourage us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Yes，it is. I buyed much，because TV ads。

　　顯然，這個(gè)考生除了增加幾個(gè)單詞外，只是完全抄襲了寫(xiě)作題目，而且沒(méi)有關(guān)于文章話題的發(fā)展。并且出現(xiàn)了低級(jí)拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤和連詞使用錯(cuò)誤，因此屬于0分的文章。我們?cè)賮?lái)看看這個(gè)例子：

　　The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement，namely creating a new holiday for people，can not be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands，the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However，although the subject matter in general can not be dismissed lightheartedly，the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application。

　　三、不準(zhǔn)文章邏輯不清

　　如果考生的文章是組織有序的，那么閱卷者從頭看到尾也不會(huì)感到糊涂。但是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的有序，并不是單純地使用了諸如 first，second之類的連詞就可以達(dá)成。文章中所有的句子必須服務(wù)于你的論述主題，一旦脫離了主題，那么再精辟的連詞也是徒勞的。此外，在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里提到了“unity”，“progression”，“coherence”，這就意味著考生需要將自己的觀點(diǎn)通過(guò)合理的句型表達(dá)出來(lái)，做到統(tǒng)一，層層遞進(jìn)，連貫，以期讓閱卷者能夠“一目了然”文章的意圖。以下我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：

　　In any relationship of mine，I would wish that first of all，the person I am dealing with is honest. Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldn’t like，he/she’d better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else，that’d be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again? How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there. So if I cannot trust a person anymore，if the person doesn’t think I can handle the truth，there is no point to continuing that relationship。

　　在這個(gè)段落里，作者的語(yǔ)言流暢，準(zhǔn)確，豐富，前后銜接緊密，語(yǔ)意連貫，句式較多變，并且使用了反問(wèn)這種修辭手法，因此很好的完成了“組織”句子的目的。盡管不能說(shuō)十全十美，但是這樣的論述仍舊可以得到滿分。與之形成鮮明對(duì)比的是：

　　The people lining up in the embassy are applying for a variety of visas. Some applicants want student visas. Other applicants want resident visas. The other applicants want tourist visas. Applying for resident visas is very difficult; one has to meet a lot of requirements. According to a recent survey，the largest number of applicants are applying for tourist visas. The number of people applying for student visas comes in second. Among all the applicants，only a fraction want resident visas。

　　這段話的主題句顯然是第一句，根據(jù)評(píng)分要求里對(duì)于段落一致性的要求，主題句后面的支持句都必須圍繞“不同的人在大使館里申請(qǐng)不同的簽證”這個(gè)話題展開(kāi)論述。仔細(xì)分析后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)上面這段話里多了一個(gè)不相干的句子：“Applying for resident visas is very difficult; one has to meet a lot of requirement。”，這句話雖然也在談簽證，但是它談?wù)摰氖?ldquo;申請(qǐng)簽證很困難”這個(gè)論點(diǎn)，這樣的話和段落主題就不相同了。因此考生在寫(xiě)文章時(shí)，一定要做到一個(gè)段落只講一個(gè)話題，主題句的論點(diǎn)必須貫穿這個(gè)段落，后面的每一個(gè)支持句都朝一個(gè)方向前進(jìn)，只有這樣才能寫(xiě)出條理分明的文章。

　　四、不準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單

　　新托福的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作部分要求考生的語(yǔ)言使用恰當(dāng)，不過(guò)即便考生的詞匯使用時(shí)有一些小錯(cuò)誤，他的文章也可以得到高分。但是如果同時(shí)還有一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的話，那么就很難讓閱卷者準(zhǔn)確理解句子的意圖，這個(gè)時(shí)候文章的得分就會(huì)比較低。另外，經(jīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，若考生只是使用一些簡(jiǎn)單句和簡(jiǎn)單的詞匯，那么他是無(wú)法來(lái)闡述較為復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題的，而當(dāng)文章的句子和單詞過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單時(shí)，得分往往不會(huì)超過(guò)3分。

　　Last month，I had a dispute with my parent. It started as a simple conversation that turned into an argument. I wanted to take a year off from school. Of course，my parents argued that I should stay in school. I tried to reason with them and I tried to persuade them that taking a year off from school and working would be valuable experience. My explanation fell on deaf ears，and they refused to let me continue the discussion. They felt I had not thoroughly examined the issue and saw no reason to debate the subject any longer。

　　這個(gè)考生雖然寫(xiě)了很多字，但是沒(méi)有發(fā)展出任何真正的主題，這個(gè)在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中都是很忌諱的事情。