托福寫作審題時需要避免的錯誤

　　同學們考寫作考了這么多年，大多數(shù)出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實，這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學們很有可能因為看得太快而忽略某個決定題目意思的關鍵詞。例如：

　　例1：

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.

　　看到這個題目，同學們立刻會開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條

　　如：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours;

　　2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”;

　　3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever.

　　綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.

　　這個寫法看起來非常完備，但其實犯了一個不起眼卻嚴重的錯誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們去證明it is not the only main cause。多一個“main”，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明?；蛘?，更簡單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學們用后一種方式進行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應該是：

　　1.People’s tight schedules do not allowthem to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising;

　　2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising;

　　3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertisingencourages them to do so.

　　例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.

　　看到這個題目，很多同學會可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專業(yè)課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述如果沒有實過習，在工作的時候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對職業(yè)和生活的幫助).

　　如果不看括號里的內容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號中的論述從嚴格意義上來講，是不能支持“more”這個關鍵詞的。舉個簡單的例子：“我們需要錢”和“我們需要更多錢”在證明的時候重點是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢”，應該詳細闡述錢的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、學習、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢”，重點則應該放在“錢不夠”的論述上，證明在學習、生活、教育方面的預算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，詳細地去論述學校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.

　　同學們在寫文章的時候一定要注意，學術論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個well-organized system，這個system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個例子中，大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)例1的錯誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內容可能跟關鍵詞“more”無關，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯誤的起因，則是對題干中關鍵詞的忽略。

　　托福獨立寫作審題誤區(qū)二 關鍵詞理解不準確

　　與忽略關鍵詞的人不同，有些同學過于執(zhí)著于關鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背后的implication，從而被關鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關鍵詞，這種錯誤更常發(fā)生在細心且實力不錯的同學身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時候要靈活，不要拘泥于關鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達。例如：

　　例3：

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.

　　題目的意思是說，比起投資大學教育，政府應該在小學教育上投入更多的資金?？吹竭@個題，同學們會有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種——認為university education應該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.

　　上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時候困難重重——個點里說Pupils的數(shù)量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實，可是pupil人均所需要的經費卻肯定比university students少，最關鍵的是，我們并沒有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐;第二點里說校友或社會人士的支持使得大學在財政方便面比小學要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個沒有數(shù)據(jù)就無法證明的觀點;第三點里說elementary school education是university education的基礎所以前者就應當比后者得到更多的預算，這是一個典型的邏輯錯誤，因此在段落展開的時候將會十分困難。A是B的基礎并不意味著要為A花更多的錢。總之，錢本身就是一個可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學之所以在寫的時候覺得自己的文章很牽強，就是因為把該文當成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會給出數(shù)據(jù)讓我們來分析的。那么，在沒有數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實，題目并不是要我們去討論哪種教育應該花更多的錢，而是讓我們去對比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：

　　(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.

　　(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.