辨析托福寫作中的each和every用法

　　1. each + singular

　　Each is a determiner. We use it before a singular noun.

　　each + singular noun

　　Each new day is different. (NOT Each new days…)

　　I enjoy each moment.

　　The same determiners are “every， either and neither”

　　真題例句：

　　2. each of

　　We use each of before a pronoun or a determiner (for example the， my， these). The pronoun or noun is plural.

　　each of us/you/them

　　each of + determiner + plural noun

　　Each of us sees the world differently.

　　I write to each of my children once a week.

　　3. each in mid-position

　　When each refers to the subject， it can go with a verb in mid-position， like all， both and some adverbs. In this case plural nouns， pronouns and verbs are used.

　　auxiliary verb + each

　　are/were + each

　　They have each been told.

　　We can each apply for our own membership card.

　　You are each right in a different way.

　　each + other verb

　　We each think the same.

　　The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages.

　　4.position with object

　　Each can follow an object (direct or indirect) as part of a longer structure.

　　I want them each to be happy.

　　She kissed them each on the forehead.

　　I bought the girls each an ice-cream.

　　She sent them each a present.

　　(BUT NOT I helped them each OR I wrote to them each.)

　　5.one each etc

　　Each can follow a noun object in sentences that say how much/many of something each person gets.

　　They got $20， 000 each when their mother died.

　　I bought the girls two ice-creams each.

　　A similar structure is used in giving prices.

　　They cost $5.50 each.

　　6. each without a noun

　　We can drop a noun and use each alone， if the noun has already been mentioned， but each one or each of them is more common in an informal style. Note that a following verb is normally singular.

　　I’ve got five brothers， and each (one/of them) is quite different from the others.

　　7.pronouns

　　When a pronoun or possessive is used later in a clause to refer back to each + noun/pronoun， the later word can be singular (more formal) or plural (less formal)

　　Each girl wore what she liked best. (more formal)

　　Each student wore what they liked best. (less formal， “they” is wrong in ETS’s eyes.)

　　Each of them explained it in his/her/their own way. (“their” is wrong in ETS’s eyes)

　　二.Each and every： the difference

　　1.Each with two or more; every with three or more

　　Each and every are both normally used with singular nouns. Each can be used to talk about two or more people or things; every is normally used to talk about three or more.

　　The business makes less money each/every year. (NOT….each/every years.)

　　She had a child holding on to each hand. (NOT…every hand.)

　　Note Every (which is normally used with singular nouns) can be used before plural expressions in measurements of frequency. For example： every two years， every tree steps.

　　I go to Hong Kong every six weeks.

　　2. difference of meaning

　　In many cases， both each and every can be used without much difference of meaning.

　　You look more beautiful each/every time I see you.

　　But we prefer each when we are thinking of people or things separately， one at a time. And every is more common when are thinking of people or things together， in a group. (Every is closer to all.) Compare：

　　Each person in turn went to see the doctor.

　　He gave every patient the same medicine.

　　We do not use each with words and expressions like almost， practically， nearly or without exception， which stress the idea of a whole group.

　　She’s lost nearly every friend she had. (NOT…nearly each friend…)

　　0208-36： Almost (every) the hereditary (material) of (an individual) organism resides (in the) chromosomes.

　　The correct answer is： every ----->; all.

　　It\'s for sure that “every” is wrong in the sentence， but if “every” ------>; "each of"， “ almost each of the…” is still wrong.

　　三. Each other and one another

　　1.no difference

　　In modern English， most people normally use each other and one another in the same way. Perhaps one another is preferred (like one) when we are making very general statements， and not talking about particular people. Compare：

　　They sat for two hours without talking to each other/one another.

　　The translation of ‘se parler’ is ‘to talk to one another’. (More natural than…to talk to each other.)

　　2.each other’s / one another’s

　　Both expressions have possessive forms.

　　They’ll sit for hours looking into each other’s / one another’s eyes.

　　3.–selves and each other/one another

　　Note the difference between –selves and each other/one another. Compare：

　　They talk to themselves a lot. (Each of them talks to himself/herself.)

　　They talk to each other a lot. (Each talks to the other.)

　　4. words used without each other

　　Note that we do not usually use each other after meet， marry and similar.

　　They met in 2001.

　　They married in 2001.

　　Their interests are very similar.

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