“市鎮(zhèn)與學(xué)袍”是什么意思？市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間為什么曾經(jīng)對(duì)立

今天的這段對(duì)話，在討論市鎮(zhèn)與學(xué)袍，
 
“市鎮(zhèn)與學(xué)袍”是什么意思？市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間為什么曾經(jīng)對(duì)立
 
來(lái)聽(tīng)今天的講解:
 
A: What are you reading?
 
你在讀什么呢，安娜？
 
B: Oh, a book about the history of Cambridge. I'm reading the part named “Town and Gown”.
 
我在看一本關(guān)于劍橋歷史的書，正讀到“市鎮(zhèn)與學(xué)袍”的部分。
 
A: What does this phrase mean?
 
這是什么意思？
 
B: “Town” and “gown” are referring to the two distinct communities of a university town: “town” being the non-academic population and “gown" metonymlcally being the university community.
 
市鎮(zhèn)與學(xué)袍是指大學(xué)城里面截然不同的兩個(gè)群體。“市鎮(zhèn)”指的不槁學(xué)術(shù)研究的普通市民，而“學(xué)袍”當(dāng)然是指大學(xué)了。
 
A: I see. Just like some ancient seats of learning such as Oxford, Cambridge and St. Andrews.
 
我明白了。一些古老的大學(xué)所在地就是這樣的大學(xué)城，比如牛津、劍橋和圣安德魯斯等等？
 
B: You’re right. Sometimes, the term is also used to describe modem university towns.
 
你說(shuō)的對(duì)。有時(shí)候，這個(gè)也用來(lái)指代現(xiàn)在的大學(xué)城。
 
A: Perhaps this term came into being when the oldest universities in the world began to form. I guess it was in the Middle Ages?
 
也許這個(gè)詞是伴隨著世界上最古老的幾所大學(xué)的成立而產(chǎn)生的吧，我想那是在中世紀(jì)。
 
B: Yes. During that time, students admitted to the European universities often held minor clerical status and donned garb similar to that worn by the clergy. These vestments evolved into the academic long black gown, worn along with hood and cap.
 
是的。那時(shí)候，歐洲的大學(xué)生們常常會(huì)被安排一個(gè)無(wú)關(guān)緊要的神職，他們經(jīng)常穿著和神職人員相似的衣服。那種衣服經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的演變，就漸漸變成了長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的黑色學(xué)士袍，外加上垂布和一頂帽子。
 
A: We can see that the hood nowadays is often adorned with different colors; maybe that is the way to designate from which college the young scholars come from.
 
現(xiàn)在的垂布經(jīng)常會(huì)用不同的顏色來(lái)裝飾，也許這就是用來(lái)分辯那些年輕的學(xué)者分別來(lái)自哪個(gè)學(xué)院的一種方法吧。
 
B:Besides, by their distinctive clothing, the students were set apart and distinguished from the citizens of the town; hence the phrase “town and gown”.
 
此外，因?yàn)檫@種特別的服裝，學(xué)生們就和市桌'們區(qū)別開(kāi)了。所以才有了 "市鎮(zhèn)和學(xué)袍”這個(gè)說(shuō)法。
 
A: Now that kind of gown has become a tradition in the universities. University students all over the world wear gowns like that at special occasions, for example, the degree ceremony and so on.
 
現(xiàn)在，這種服裝已經(jīng)成為了大學(xué)里的一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)。世界各地的大學(xué)生在特殊的場(chǎng)含都會(huì)穿這種學(xué)袍，比如說(shuō)在畢業(yè)典禮上。
 
B:That’s true. Now you understand this phrase, and do you want to know more about it?
 
對(duì)啊?，F(xiàn)在你知道這個(gè)說(shuō)法的意思了吧，想不想了解更多關(guān)于“市鎮(zhèn)和學(xué)袍”的事情?。?br />  
A: I’d like to. Tell me more about it!
 
快講講吧。
 
B: OK. The town and gown rivalry is mentioned in the book, too.
 
好的。書里面還提到了市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間的對(duì)立。
 
A: Rivalry? You mean they do not get along well with each other?
 
對(duì)立？你是說(shuō)他們之間的關(guān)系不好嗎？
 
B:Yes. Conflict was inevitable in the medieval university towns where two separately governed bodies with different priorities and loyalties shared the same restricted space.
 
對(duì)。中世紀(jì)的大學(xué)城里，這兩個(gè)獨(dú)立團(tuán)體身處同一片土地，卻有著不同權(quán)益和信仰，免不了會(huì)發(fā)生沖突。
 
A: Sounds reasonable. Moreover, violence was commonplace in medieval life, not only between scholars and townsmen but among ordinary citizens.
 
說(shuō)的有道理。再說(shuō)，暴力事件在中世紀(jì)十分普遍，不僅僅是在學(xué)者與市民之間，市民之間也常常會(huì)發(fā)生。
 
B:It also happened between scholars from different regions of Europe who attended the universities. Violent confrontations between town and gown erupted on a recurring basis.
 
來(lái)自歐洲不同地區(qū)的學(xué)者之間也會(huì)起沖突。市鎮(zhèn)與大學(xué)之間的沖突更是會(huì)反復(fù)發(fā)生。
 
A: I heard that The University of Cambridge was originally set-up after a fight between the townspeople of Oxford and scholars from the University of Oxford forced many scholars to flee to a new location.
 
我聽(tīng)說(shuō)，劍橋大學(xué)就起源于牛津市民和牛津大學(xué)之間的一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)端，許多牛津的學(xué)者不得不逃到一個(gè)新的地方。
 
B: That is mentioned in the book. That was in 1209，and several decades later, the tension between the scholars at Cambridge and the towns people forced the King to grant special privileges and protection to Cambridge University.
 
書里面也提到了這一點(diǎn)。那是在1209年了。幾十年后，劍橋?qū)W者和市民之間的矛盾又激化了，國(guó)王不得不親自出面授予大學(xué)一些特權(quán)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行保護(hù)。
 
A: As urban universities increase in size and complexity, the conflict between them may become more and more severe.
 
隨著大學(xué)的面積不斷擴(kuò)大，結(jié)構(gòu)越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，他們之間的沖突就越來(lái)越激烈。
 
B: That's for sure. To a large extent, “town versus gown" disputes have moved from the streets into the courts and city hall.
 
這是肯定的。有時(shí)候，市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間的織爭(zhēng)甚至?xí)拇蠼稚限D(zhuǎn)移到法院和市政廳。
 
A: Did they ever pay regard to the town-gown connection?
 
他們難道從來(lái)都不考慮市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間的緊密聯(lián)系嗎？
 
B: No idea. Universities boast that their existence is the backbone of the town economy, while the towns counter with claims that the institution is “robbing” them of tax revenue.
 
我也不知道。大學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)是城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱，而城市反而會(huì)指責(zé)大學(xué)搶走了他們的一部分稅收。
 
A: The same thing may happen today, however the situation is much better than before since violence seldom happened.
 
這在今天也可能發(fā)生，可是情況已經(jīng)比原來(lái)好多了，至少暴力事件很少出現(xiàn)。