如何成功地完成主體段落的拓展呢?要勾畫出一個充實且具有說服力的論證過程,我們當(dāng)然要使用到一些論證手段,結(jié)合這些論證方法的使用,協(xié)助我們較好地完成相對來說最困難的論證過程。
一、 舉例論證法
要更為直觀地反映問題,舉例無疑是最好的選擇,也是最具有說服力的。常見的引出實例的方式:如for example, for instance, as is reported, It is reported that…, 可作為插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)使用在句中。實例也可以分為幾種情況,如下:
1. 應(yīng)用名人實例,這是大家都知道的事情,容易引起共鳴。如在教育類話題中有一個考點涉及到中學(xué)生要不要學(xué)歷史,在論證古人的經(jīng)驗和智慧給我們很多借鑒意義時,就可以引用一些名人的例子。
Charles Darwin, for example, taught us that only the fittest can survive, which is more than ever true in today’s competitive society.
2. 應(yīng)用某些調(diào)查研究結(jié)果,常結(jié)合具體數(shù)據(jù),更能增強真實性說服力。社會類話題老人問題上,要求分析人口老齡化所帶來的影響,其中談到積極意義時,會提到老人對家庭及社會的貢獻。我們可以在兩個地方找到列數(shù)據(jù)的點,一是老人的年齡,二是在有意義的事情上所花的時間,可以得出論證過程如下:
As is reported, the average time that the retired within the age group above 65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about 5 hours per day.
3. 應(yīng)用生活中具有普遍性的現(xiàn)象或有代表性的親身經(jīng)歷。在文化這類較為抽象的話題中,有典型地要求分析文化差異會帶來的不同國家人之間的沖突,可以引用這樣的現(xiàn)象:
A western woman travelling to the Middle East may find it annoying to have to wear headscarf during a journey.
要做到恰當(dāng)合適地使用實例進行論證,要求考生在平時的準(zhǔn)備過程中,就要著重對各大話題常見的考點進行典型實例的收集,最好是比較萬能的一些例子,這樣就能充分利用舉例子的優(yōu)勢,在考試中贏得高分。
二、 解釋說明(拓展影響)法
中心論點表達一般比較空泛、籠統(tǒng),作為論證,首先就要對空泛的意思加以具體地解釋,說明原因,解釋過程,闡述影響,這是一種慣用的思維,這里打不開,后面說得再多也可能都是白搭。常結(jié)合定語從句,分詞的語法應(yīng)用。我們來看一個例子:
By travelling abroad, we have the opportunity to experience different customs, cultures and lifestyles, helping us better understand the whole world.
這個句子是對論點出國旅游有助于我們開拓眼界的論證,采取的就是解釋的方式,目的就是協(xié)助論點表達得更透徹。
三、 因果推理法
這種方法是基于一個事實的陳述,推出它可能會產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,然后一環(huán)扣著一環(huán)往下推,直至目標(biāo)內(nèi)容出現(xiàn),也就是論點的內(nèi)容呈現(xiàn)了。常結(jié)合因果關(guān)系的狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu)展開論證,要注意推理邏輯連接詞的應(yīng)用,如as, since, because, therefore, hence, thus, as a consequence, consequently, ……
論證高中生畢業(yè)后先去工作再上大學(xué)的這種作為會帶來的不利影響之一——這種方式容易使高中生誤入歧途,論證過程如下:Since high school students are mentally immature, they are less likely to resist the temptation in the real world. As a result, they are more prone to some social evils, such as theft, drug abuse, and so on. So, they may easily go astray and even commit crime.
四、 對照對比論證法
拿相同或相反的事物做比較,相同關(guān)系叫對照(comparison),相反關(guān)系叫對比(contrast)。此類論證考生需要重點掌握一些對比對照關(guān)系的連詞:in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, likewise, similarly, by the same token。
先看個例子,如:論證廣告給消費者提供及時信息,幫助他們做決定中論述到:By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.這就是從反面著手,闡述如果沒有廣告,消費者會受到的影響,用反方的劣勢達到襯托正方優(yōu)勢的效果。若想使論點具有說服力,可以嘗試尋找對應(yīng)的參照物相比較,在所選參照物明顯的不足面前,本來事物的優(yōu)點會立刻容易被人信服。
再來分析下對照的例子:They cite that in the sports world, records are always created when a sportsman is facing tough competitions. They believe that, by the same token, in a classroom where clever minds meet, students can achieve their best due to peer pressure. 拿體育比賽中的情況作對照,突出分班教學(xué)的必要性。
五、 讓步論證法
欲擒故縱的高超寫法,對考生來說比較陌生,先退一步承認一個與自己觀點相反的事實,再轉(zhuǎn)折給出自己的觀點,否定前者。讓步這種方法的優(yōu)點是能較為全面地看待一個問題,而且反駁更能有的放矢。比如舉一個大家特別熟悉的例子,一個男生向女生表白時被拒絕,女生會很委婉地表示,先肯定男生有很多優(yōu)點,但最終會表示自己并不喜歡他,他不是她喜歡的類型。這種方式一方面不會傷害到男孩的自尊,同時也鮮明地表達了自己的想法。在這種論證中,常見句型如下:although / though / in spite of the fact that…; as is granted / admittedly…; opponents would argue that…
用以下例子加以說明:
1. As is granted, saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency. However, people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profits.
2. Opponents would argue that some of the violence shown on TV is the true portrayal of what is happening around us and people have the right to know it. Although this is undoubtedly true, it also means that people who see them a lot may gradually develop a sense of insecurity and mistrust as they are forced to believe they are living in a dangerous world.
很明顯,我們在寫作的論證過程中,對以上五種方法可以靈活地加以結(jié)合使用,不斷地積累相關(guān)實例,不斷地練習(xí)這些思維,在論證中做到游刃有余,充分的論證無疑是考生的加分點。希望以上的方法能為各位考生提供一些幫助。