雅思G類小作文書信類需把握的四種語氣
由于G類考生相對(duì)于A類考生人數(shù)較少，考生對(duì)于書信寫作的重視不夠，在G類分?jǐn)?shù)要求日漸水漲船高的今天，考生尤其要注意書信寫作中極為重要的一點(diǎn)，就是語氣的把握。本文中，雅思專家寫作組的專家將從四個(gè)方面對(duì)于如何選擇合適的語氣和措辭進(jìn)行說明。
一、審題把握
把握好G類書信語氣的第一步，就是要弄清寫信的要求和背景。雅思書信寫作題目就是由背景信息和寫作任務(wù)兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的，我們可以將其分成私人信件和事務(wù)性信件兩種類型。寫給親朋好友的信可以歸為前者，如友情信，請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)例子：
09.01.15
You are going to have a business trip and arrange your friend to look after your children. Write a letter to the friend. You should:
1. Tell him/her which kind of food your children like and dislike
2. Tell him/her which kinds of activities your children can attend
3. Tell him/her the time you will pick up your children.
根據(jù)背景分析，這封書信是寫給朋友請(qǐng)求幫助在自己出差期間照管孩子的，顯而易見，這是一封私人信件，由于對(duì)方是摯友，寫信的語氣可以比較輕松和隨意，在說明詳細(xì)內(nèi)容時(shí)，措辭不必講究但要禮貌。
再來看一個(gè)例子：
09.02.07
Your friends have been out on holiday and ask you to stay at their house. However, there is a problem with a piece of equipment in the kitchen. Write a letter to them. In your letter, you should:
1. Describe your feeling at their home
2. Describe what the problem is
3. Describe what action you have done to solve the problem
這是一封抱怨信，寫信人在朋友度假期間幫朋友看管房屋，在信中向朋友說明廚房用具的問題，這并非商務(wù)場(chǎng)合和正式交涉，切不可義正詞嚴(yán)。
09.09.05
You are living in an English-speaking country and the restaurant near you is making a lot of noise everyday. Write a letter to the restaurant owner. In your letter, you should
1. say how you are disturbed by noise
2. give some suggestions to fix the problem
3. tell the owner further action will be taken if this problem remains unsolved.
這封信同屬抱怨信，我們來比較一下它與上一封信的區(qū)別，這封信是寫給餐館經(jīng)理的，說明對(duì)于餐館噪聲的不滿，收信人與寫信人并不熟悉甚至從未謀面，過于熟絡(luò)的語氣和措辭，或者在朋友之間使用的抱怨性較強(qiáng)的詞匯都應(yīng)盡量避免。
雅思專家將常見的書信分為以下幾類：詢問信、建議信和求職信一般較為正式;友情信屬于非正式信件;投訴信、道歉信、邀請(qǐng)信、感謝信的語氣要根據(jù)具體情況而定?？忌枰⒁忸}目所描述的背景和對(duì)收信人的設(shè)定，分清寫信對(duì)象，準(zhǔn)確而恰當(dāng)?shù)匕盐疹}目要求，走好G類書信第一步。
二、信頭稱呼
所謂稱呼是指寫信人對(duì)收信人的稱呼用語，一般用“dear”開頭，在稱呼后可以用逗號(hào)(英式)或是冒號(hào)“美式”。
1. 如果是寫給親戚或是關(guān)系密切的朋友，我們習(xí)慣于在“Dear”后加上對(duì)其的稱呼或是名字(given name)。如：Dear mother或者是Dear Emma;
2. 如果是寫給一家公司或者不知道具體職銜的人，可以用Dear Sir or Madam或To Whom It May Concern;
3. 如果知道具體職銜但不知其姓氏，可以以其職位稱呼，如Dear Chief Accountant;
4. 如果寫信人知道收信人的姓名和性別，但關(guān)系不夠密切，只屬于一般往來，Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms/Miss Wang會(huì)顯得友好卻不隨便;
5. 另外，也可以用學(xué)位及職稱加上姓氏或者全名，如Dear Dr. Will Smith, Dear Prof. (Professor) Jane Austin。
三、語氣斟酌
正文作為整個(gè)信件內(nèi)容最重要的部分，所選用的詞匯和句式無不體現(xiàn)著寫信人的態(tài)度和語氣，應(yīng)該根據(jù)不同的信件內(nèi)容進(jìn)行挑選和斟酌。
1)投訴信
投訴信的收信對(duì)象可以是比較熟悉的人，如抱怨鄰居寵物過于吵鬧，也可以是針對(duì)公司甚至不熟悉的機(jī)構(gòu)或者某個(gè)事件而寫的，如對(duì)社區(qū)體育設(shè)施的拆除表達(dá)不滿。
You heard that a sports center would be closed. Write a letter to the manager. In this letter, you should:
1. Tell how you heard about the news.
2. Say what your opinion is about it.
3. Explain how it impacts your life.
由于對(duì)象是某運(yùn)動(dòng)中心經(jīng)理，措辭方面就應(yīng)該較為禮貌，以下的詞句是可以選取作為陳述問題的句型：
I am writing to you to complain about...
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with...
There are some problems with … that I wish to bring to attention.
值得注意的是，也完全沒有必要像公文那么正式，只要言語恰當(dāng)就可以。在敘述問題時(shí)可以多以客觀性描述為主，輔以主觀的感受，顯得更有說服力，如：
I found …
I feel quite disappointed that…
在結(jié)尾部分說明期望時(shí)，也可以搭配同樣的語氣：
I hope that the authorities concerned will consider my suggestions and improve the situation as best as they can.
I sincerely hope that it will review its management system, with the view to providing, better service to the public.
We trust that you will now consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind.
如果是針對(duì)鄰居再三出現(xiàn)的已經(jīng)提醒過很多次的問題，我們可以措辭更為非正式一些，如I can hardly bear /tolerate /put up with it any more. 但也不意味著可以出現(xiàn)“guy”等過于口語風(fēng)格化的語句。
2)工作申請(qǐng)信
G類考生許多都是有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人，或者曾經(jīng)有過寫工作申請(qǐng)的經(jīng)歷，由于收信人多是公司或者經(jīng)理級(jí)的人，言辭之間應(yīng)該以正式語氣為主：
I wish to apply for the position of…which you advertised in…
I am very interested in exploring the possibility of obtaining a position as … with your company.
結(jié)尾部分在闡述希望約見進(jìn)行面試時(shí)，也選取一些較為緩和語氣的動(dòng)詞如“hope”來表達(dá)：
I am available for an interview every afternoon. Please contact me at…
I hope that after reviewing my enclosed resume you will kindly give me an interview so that I can elaborate on my studies and working experience.
