一、不一致
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致,還包括了數(shù)的不一致、時態(tài)不一致以及代詞不一致等。比如:When one have money, he can do what he want to.
分析:one是第三人稱單數(shù),因此本句的have應(yīng)改為has; want應(yīng)改為wants, 本句是典型的主謂不一致。
改為:When one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).
二、修飾語錯位
英語與漢語不同,同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化。對于這一點考生們往往沒有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了不必要的誤解。比如:I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
分析:better位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末。
三、句子不完整
在口語中,交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是書面語就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清,這種情況常常在主句寫完以后,作者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時發(fā)生。比如:There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.
分析:本句后半部分"For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一個完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語,不能獨立成句。
改為:There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.
四、懸垂修飾語
所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。比如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中"at the age of ten"只寫出十歲時,但沒有說明“誰”十歲時,按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語改得明確一點,讀者或考官在讀句子時就不會誤解了。
改為:When I was ten, my grandfather died.
五、詞性誤用
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當(dāng)動詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動詞用等。比如:None can negative the importance of money.
分析:negative系形容詞,誤作動詞。
改為:None can deny the importance of money.
六、指代不清
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。比如:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
讀完上面這一句話,讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚,誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞所指代的對象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
七、不間斷句子
這個錯誤的出現(xiàn)受中文意識的影響很大。很多考生在寫句子時,句子之間缺乏有效的連接成分。甚至,有的句子寫的比較中式化。比如:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
分析:這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“there are many ways”以及“we get to know the outside world”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
八、措詞毛病
學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲,斟酌句子中所選用詞的習(xí)慣。大部分考生隨心所欲,拿來就用,所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤隨處可見。比如:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
分析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use(不斷增加的使用)”應(yīng)改為“abusive use(濫用)”。
改為:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九、累贅
寫句子沒有一個多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。比如:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句,我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
比如:For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
整個句子可以大大簡化為:Diligent people use money only to buy what they need.
十、不連貫
不連貫是指一個句子前言不對后語,或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通,這也是考生常犯的毛病。比如:The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
分析:the fresh water與逗號后的it不連貫,it與things在數(shù)方面不一致。