雅思寫作中形式主語(yǔ)it駕馭能力提高
二、形式主語(yǔ);
(一)什么是形式主語(yǔ)
作為形式主語(yǔ)的it并無(wú)實(shí)際語(yǔ)義，是為滿足語(yǔ)法上的需要，避免句子頭重腳輕，它代替的是句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
(二)形式主語(yǔ)it所在的句型類別
1、作不定式的形式主語(yǔ)
(1)句型
It;is;+;a;pity/a;pleasure;+;to;do;sth.
It;is;+;wrong/right/wise/cruel/naughty/selfish;+;of;sb.;+;to;do;sth.
It;is;+;necessary/hard/important/difficult/possible/common;+;for;sb.;+;to;do;sth.
(2)雅思范文寫作實(shí)例
A.;Beyond;this,;it;is;also;of;paramount;importance;to;use;theaters;and;museums;as;the;“social;classroom”;of;culture;and;history;education.
B.;I;think;it;is;by;no;means;pointless,;in;any;way,;to;try;to;keep;traditions;alive;with;technology.;(Cambridge;3,;P162,;Task;2)
C.;It;is;difficult;to;say;who;has;the;right;to;judge;whether;children;working;is;“wrong”;or;“valuable”.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)
D.;…,;it;is;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;develop;skills;other;than;intellectual;ones,;and;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)
E.;Finally,;I;think;that;it;is;also;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;relax;as;well;as;work,;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)
F.;Because;people;interpret;happiness;for;themselves;in;so;many;different;ways,;it;is;difficult;to;give;ang;definition;that;is;true;for;everyone.;(Cambridge;4,;P165,;Task;2)
G.;It;is;quite;common;these;days;for;young;people;in;many;countries;to;have;a;break;for;studying;after;graduation;from;high;school.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)
H.;They;may;think;that;it;is;better;to;continue;in;a;particular;job,;or;to;do;sth;completely;different;from;from;a;university;course.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)
據(jù)本人統(tǒng)計(jì)，劍橋官方的雅思真題(劍3—劍8)幾乎每一篇Task2考官范文中，都有所使用，甚至在有的文章中出現(xiàn)三次之多。
(3)學(xué)生寫作實(shí)例
實(shí)例1：Many;people,;if;not;most,;are;strong;believer;in;the;claim;that;regard;children;go;to;work;as;completely;wrong,while;others;hold;the;opposite;opinion.
修改建議：it;is;completely;wrong;for;children;to;go;to;work.
實(shí)例2：They;have;to;complete;their;homework;conscientiously;within;limited;time;and;difficult;to;discover;the;problems;in;studies.
修改建議：thus;it;is;difficult;to;discover;their;problems;in;study.
實(shí)例3：College;graduates;are;difficult;to;find;jobs.
修改建議：It;is;difficult;for;college;graduates;to;find;jobs.
實(shí)例4：Parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children;is;extremely;important.
修改建議：It;is;extremely;important;for;parents;to;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.
It;is;extremely;important;that;parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.
2、作動(dòng)名詞的形式主語(yǔ)
(1)句型
It;is;+;(no);use/good/useless/a;waste;of;time/energy/efforts;+;doing;sth.
It;is;+;good/useless/hard/foolish/enjoyable/worthwhile;+;doing;sth.
(2)雅思范文寫作實(shí)例
A.;For;instance,;children;usually;pay;attention;to;match;their;clothing;and;toys;;in;fact,;it;is;really;worth;competing;thing;that;their;study;is;being;ignored.
B.;Some;parents;believe;that;it;is;no;use;having;second;education;for;their;kids.
(3)學(xué)生作文實(shí)例
實(shí)例：Particular;countries;and;individuals;deals;with;environmental;issues;are;no;use.
修改建議：It;is;no;use;dealing;with;environmental;issues;by;particular;countries;and;indivuduals.
3、作主語(yǔ)從句的形式主語(yǔ)
(1)句型
It;is;+;(adj);n./(adv.);adj./(adv.)v-ed;+;that……
It;+;seems/happens/appears/matters//strikes/occurs(突然想起);+;that……
It;is;+;said/reported/believed/(universally/widely);accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged;+;that……
It;+;must;be;admitted/stressed;out;+;that…/It;+;cannot;be;denied;+;that….../It;+;can;be;foreseen;+;that……
It;+;goes;without;saying;+;that…
(2)雅思范文實(shí)例
A.;It;is;an;understandable;fact;that;many;employers;may;prefer;to;use;the;services;of;children;simply;to;save;money;by;paying;them;less;than;adults;and;it;is;this;type;of;exploitation;tht;should;be;discouraged.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)
B.;Admittedly,;it;is;common;sense;that;a;person;without;cooperative;spirit;will;be;difficult;to;survive;in;the;modern;society.
C.;Unfortunately,;it;is;not;always;the;case;that;new;things;are;promoted;because;they;have;good;impacts;for;the;majority;of;people.;(Cambridge;6,;P168,;Task;2)
D.;It;is;clear;from;the;data;given;that;there;are;some;significant;differences;in;spending;habits;in;Europe.;(Cambridge;3,;P161,;Task;1)
E.;It;goes;without;saying;that;it;pays;to;keep;early;hours.
F.;Take;holding;an;Olympic;games;as;an;example,;it;is;no;doubt;it;will;take;millions;of;money;to;build;stadiums.
G.;A;more;dramatic;rise;is;predicted;between;2030;and;2040;in;Japan,;by;which;time;it;is;thought;that;the;proportion;of;elderly;people;will;be;similar;in;the;three;countries.;(Cambridge;5,;P162,;Task;1)
H.;It;seems;that;the;experiences;we;have;in;life;are;so;unpredictable;and;so;powerful,;that;they;can;boost;or;overide;other;influences,;…(Cambridge;5,;P169,;Task;2)
(3)學(xué)生寫作實(shí)例
實(shí)例1：It;is;quite;obvious/evident/apparent;that;the;quantity;of;families;who;tends;to;go;outside;and;infuse;fresh;oxygen;into;their;lungs;is;growing;steadily.
實(shí)例2：It;is;universally;acknowledged;that;the;best;way;to;arouse;people’s;love;to;our;nature,;who;has;devoted;herself;too;much;to;human;being’s;development;while;has;received;barely;anything;till;now,;is;to;let;them;see;the;beauty;of;hers;by;themselves.
這是XVCC23強(qiáng)化班里一位基礎(chǔ)較好的學(xué)生的寫作實(shí)例，其中的語(yǔ)法、措辭方面的錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了修改。
實(shí)例3：Clearly,;rush;hours;emerges;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;(in;the);early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.
修改建議：這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是無(wú)可厚非的(語(yǔ)法就不說(shuō)啦)，但是，按照雅思評(píng)分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，句式稍微做一下調(diào)整，會(huì)更漂亮：如：It;is;clear;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.或者改成It;is;demonstrated;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.這樣一個(gè)小小的調(diào)整，其句子修改前后的效果是顯而易見的。
(三)it作形式主語(yǔ)的特征分析
根據(jù)以上對(duì)it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的解析，對(duì)雅思寫作范文、尤其是官方考官范文的分析，以及對(duì)學(xué)生寫作過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的it使用狀況的詳細(xì)解讀可知：相比較于名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜性和多邊性，it作為形式主語(yǔ)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)可謂簡(jiǎn)明扼要，學(xué)生掌握起來(lái)應(yīng)該說(shuō)是得心應(yīng)手的。
(四)不能正確使用it形式主語(yǔ)的原因
在信息編排時(shí)，英語(yǔ)句子遵循“end;focus”的原則，即舊信息在前，新信息在后“old;information+new;information”;但是，當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)較長(zhǎng)，容易使句子產(chǎn)生“head;weight”的感覺(jué)時(shí)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)則遵循“end;weight”的原則，即，把較長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)全部置于句子尾部。前面空掉的主語(yǔ)位置用it來(lái)代替，擔(dān)當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)的功能。
而漢語(yǔ)并不具有這類明顯的特征，學(xué)生對(duì)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)差異知之甚少，或者略有所知，在真正的運(yùn)用中，也未必能夠正確的體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。多數(shù)學(xué)生都本著漢語(yǔ)式的思維，一遇到“某人做某事是怎么樣的/是什么”就習(xí)慣性地寫成t">
三、總結(jié);
建議學(xué)生在雅思學(xué)習(xí)中，采取步步為營(yíng)的四步走戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，循序漸進(jìn)：首先，記住句型結(jié)構(gòu);其次，模仿寫作;之后，進(jìn)行獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作;最后，形成屬于自己的模板句型。作為雅思寫作學(xué)習(xí)中可控制的因素，我們可以培養(yǎng)句式運(yùn)用的習(xí)慣，使習(xí)慣稱為自然。為了我們雅思的學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)努力是值得的，it;pays;in;the;long;run.
