名師指導(dǎo)：雅思寫作背景段寫法
無論是大多數(shù)考生備考雅思的過程中，還是從歷年來雅思考試四項(xiàng)的中國(guó)考生平均分，都可以反映出中國(guó)考生在雅思寫作方面的薄弱。因?yàn)閷懽魇亲钅荏w現(xiàn)個(gè)人的語言運(yùn)用能力和水平的，所以不像其他課程可以通過短期的特訓(xùn)得到很快的提高，而是要求考生花時(shí)間對(duì)詞匯，句型，語法等等內(nèi)容的整理，記憶，以及運(yùn)用。
在具體寫作的過程中，考生要遇到的第一步事情應(yīng)該是引言段的寫作。俗話說，萬事開頭難。很多考生不知道如何開頭，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，導(dǎo)致無法在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成250個(gè)單詞的大作文。其實(shí)，就筆者歸納，引言段可先通過對(duì)background 的描寫來引出話題。
II Background 方法介紹
筆者就從教來的總結(jié)歸納來介紹Background的寫作，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該從內(nèi)容同句型上同時(shí)做到補(bǔ)充。下面先給大家介紹下擴(kuò)充背景句的方法：
1). 追根溯源法。即從題目給出的話題中找出這個(gè)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因來擴(kuò)展背景句。這種方法適合大多數(shù)的話題，考生要盡量在考前做練習(xí)，這樣在考試就可以得心應(yīng)手了。
請(qǐng)看下面的例子：
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? (高分范文P76)
這個(gè)題目中給出的話題是mobile phone，所以考生可以從它產(chǎn)生的原因來考慮，就是科技的繁榮，而科技的繁榮，手機(jī)的廣泛使用是在20世紀(jì)末，這樣背景句就有內(nèi)容可寫了。當(dāng)然要通過相應(yīng)的句型來寫了。如
… (time) witnessed …
這個(gè)背景句就可以寫成： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone.
再看一例：
Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
這題要求大家討論大學(xué)是提供職業(yè)技能還是傳授知識(shí)。那從傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)來看，大學(xué)是傳授知識(shí)的地方，為什么會(huì)提出要傳授技能呢，所以這里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大學(xué)就轉(zhuǎn)移到以傳授技能為主了。那當(dāng)然還是要結(jié)合句型，這里可以用as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
參考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career.
2). 重述法。即對(duì)關(guān)于這個(gè)話題的當(dāng)前現(xiàn)狀的重述。
請(qǐng)看一例：
Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。
本題的話題關(guān)于壓力，那考生可從當(dāng)前社會(huì)現(xiàn)象來考慮這個(gè)問題，考生不難想出當(dāng)下對(duì)壓力這一現(xiàn)象的情況，即很多人都在承受著或多或少的壓力。可用it is generally believed that … 形式主語的句型。
參考: It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.
再看一例：
Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本題話題為環(huán)境問題，考生也可用重述法對(duì)當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題進(jìn)行重述，這時(shí)，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表時(shí)間的介詞短語來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)敘述句型。
參考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public. (引自雅思高分范文p16)
3). 定義法。即通過對(duì)話題詞的定義的介紹，這種方法有一定難度，考生需要有淵博的知識(shí)，才能做到對(duì)名詞的解釋，但對(duì)特別明顯的詞語，考生可借鑒這種方法。
請(qǐng)看一例：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本題中的話題詞為圖書館，可以解釋的詞也是圖書館比較方便容易。那么到底如何解釋呢，比如說圖書館在傳統(tǒng)意義上來看，是收藏書的地方，而現(xiàn)在因?yàn)榭萍及l(fā)展，使得圖書館的意義發(fā)生改變，從而引出話題。這里同樣可以用形式主語：
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.
III Background 句型介紹：
從以上的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容上是有方法了，不難從內(nèi)容上找材料，可是如果句型積累不多的話，寫出來的句子也是無法得到高分的，所以接下來，為大家介紹下常用的高分句型。
1)It is … that …
It is … who … 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
Eg It is the traditions in Beijing that attract many foreign tourists.
下面是考官范文里的句子：
It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and dictates how that personality develops.
2)It is generally believed
It is the case that …
It is apparent that … 等形式主語
Eg It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collar workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.
3). 狀語前置
下面是劍6的高分范文中的句子:
In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.
Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.
4). 時(shí)間引導(dǎo)的敘述句型
Lately, the problem of unemployment has been brought to popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.
根據(jù)以上筆者的分析，考生可通過這兩個(gè)方面來做到背景句的描寫，從而在開頭就吸引考官的注意力，好的開始是成功的一半，有了好的開始，為考生在寫作中做到思路清晰，以及節(jié)省時(shí)間都打了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
