GRE寫作Argument開頭結尾段寫作技巧

　　1.結合具體題目，對作者結論和論據(jù)進行簡要重述;

　　2.結合具體題目下方的指令 (instructions)，對你下文將要寫的點進行概述。

　　「結尾段」通常寫 1~2 句話即可，具體內容包括：

　　1.結合具體題目，對你上文所寫的點進行簡單總結;

　　2.結合題目，適當提出解決辦法 / 建議。

　　接下來以 GRE Argument 題庫中第 81 題(關于吞拿魚罐頭致頭暈)為例，具體講解一下開頭段和結尾段的寫法：

　　The following appeared in a business magazine.

　　"As a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of Promofoods tuna, the company requested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk. This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods; the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."

　　Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.

　　作者的結論是：

　　canned tuna did not pose a health risk

　　作者的論據(jù)就是文中提到的對召回的金槍魚罐頭的檢測情況：

　　1.This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods.

　　2.The chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans.

　　3.The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."

　　開頭段

　　那么開頭段就可以先簡要重述一下作者的結論和論據(jù)：

　　Based on the results of chemical analysis of the sample, Promofoods drawn the conclusion that the canned tuna was not responsible for their consumers' dizziness and nausea.

　　接下來就需要根據(jù)根據(jù)題目下方的具體指令概括一下你下文將要寫的點。我們課上講過根據(jù)題目指令可以將 Argument 分成四種類型：evidence, question, assumption, explanation。那么接下來我們仍然用這道題來講解四種不同類型的開頭段應該怎么去寫。

　　Question 類型

　　這道題本身是 question 類型的題目，那開頭段接下來就可以這么寫：

　　In order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to ask a number of questions about XXX, XXX, and XXX. (XXX 為你下文三個主體段要分析的 questions，比如這道題就可以寫：檢測方法是什么、檢測人是否客觀、是否存在其他引起頭暈惡心的原因……)

　　Evidence 類型

　　如果這道題是 evidence 類型的題目，就可以寫：

　　To evaluate the argument, more evidence about XXX, XXX, and XXX(下文三個主體段要寫的具體 evidence)is needed.

　　Assumption 類型

　　如果這道題是 assumption 類型的題目，就可以寫：

　　A number of assumptions have been made about XXX, XXX, and XXX.(下文三個主體段要寫的具體 assumptions)We need to examine these assumptions carefully to decide if the argument is reasonable.

　　Explanation 類型

　　如果這道題是 explanation 類型的題目，就可以寫：

　　While XXXX(作者的解釋), there are a number of alternative explanations we need to take into account when evaluating the argument.

　　結尾段

　　結尾段首先對你上文寫的點進行簡單總結，也可以加上解決辦法 / 建議：

　　Question 類型

　　In conclusion, more questions anout XXX, XXX, and XXX are needed to evaluate the soundness of the argument. More in-depth analyses are necessary to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.

　　Evidence 類型

　　In conclusion, we need more evidence anout XXX, XXX, and XXX to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.

　　Assumption 類型

　　In conclusion, the above-mentioned assumptions made by the author can be unwarranted. More information needs to be gathered to examine these assumptions in order to reach a more accurate and reliable conclusion.

　　Explanation 類型

　　In conclusion, we need more information about XXXX to decide which explanations were the most appropriate for the observed facts.

　　開頭段和結尾段包含的基本內容就是這些，具體的寫法(包括句型、用詞等)大家可以根據(jù)自己的習慣調整，形成自己的模板。