The First American Woman to be A Media Mogul
Katharine Graham,who died on July 17at 84,was,for many years,arguably the most powerful woman in America.She was the first woman to be a true media mogul,running The Washington Post Company for more than three decades.For several generations of public officials and journalists,she embodied the Washington establishment.
She first gained true fame during the Watergate scandal1) of the early 1970s,when the Post’s reporting helped bring down President Nixon.In 1998,her memoir,“Personal History,”was a No.1best seller and won the Pulitzer Prize.
Just before World War II,she married Philip Graham,a brilliant Harvard Law grad and Supreme Court clerk.Phil,who took over The Washington Post fro m Katharine’s father,Eugene Meyer,and began the paper’s climb to greatness.But Phil Graham was a manic-depressive2),and his flights of greatness were accompanied by terrible lows.When Graham shot himself in 1963,his widow had virtually no confidence in her ability to guide her family company or continue her husband’s role as Washington power broker.
She was operating in a world that was still essentially male-dominated.Slowly,hesitantly,not always aware of what she was doing,Mrs.Graham begin to challenge the social order.The custom at fancy dinner parties for many years in Washington and elsewhere was for the“ladies”to retire after dinner so the men could talk about important matters.At one dinner party given by columnist Joseph Alsop in the 1960s,Mrs.Graham finally,and at first meekly3),rebelled.She was irritated4) at being banished,she later wrote,because she realized she knew more about the subjects the men were discussing than they did.She told her host that she would rather go home and read than join the ladies in the drawing room.Alsop got the message――and an old and condescending5) custom was cast away.It was not long before cabinet officials were begging to join the conversation at her table.
The Washington Post had just begun to come into its own in the early 1970s when a pair of young Post reporters,Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein,began to uncover serious wrongdoing in the Nixon White House.When the paper began reporting on the scandal that became known as Watergate,Nixon’s Attorney General,crudely threatened Katharine Graham,warning Bernstein that“Kay Graham’s tit is going to get caught in a wringer”if the paper persisted in investigating the president.Though the Post was at considerable financial risk――the Post Company had just gone public and the Nixon administration was threatening the Post’s television licenses6)――Graham stood up against the pressure from the White House.Months later,after Nixon had resigned in disgrace,humor columnist Art Buchwald jokingly give Graham a small bronze wringer7).
A couple of years earlier,Graham had taken an equally principled and courageous stand in publishing the Pentagon Papers,the U.S.government‘s secret history of the Vietnam War,despite threats of criminal prosecution8) by the Justice Department.Widely honored for her courage as a paragon9) of the First Amendment,she also became an immensely successful business-woman.Acquiring TV stations,cable companies and other media outlets,she made the Post a well-established Fortune 500company.Other media leaders turned to her as an example and an inspiration.But though she was a model for the advancement of women for some 40years,she never modeled herself as a feminist10) protagonist.She was,to the end,a gentlewoman of the old school,gracious and mannerly.
美國(guó)首位女性媒體巨子
凱瑟琳·格雷厄姆,于7月17日逝世,享年84歲。多年來,她可以說是美國(guó)最具影響力的女性。她是第一位真正成為媒體巨子的女性,苦心經(jīng)營(yíng)《華盛頓郵報(bào)》公司30多年。對(duì)于幾代公共事務(wù)官員和新聞工作者來說,她是華盛頓權(quán)勢(shì)集團(tuán)具體的象征。
她在20世紀(jì)70年代初期的“水門事件”丑聞報(bào)道中初露鋒芒,當(dāng)時(shí)在《郵報(bào)》報(bào)道的協(xié)助下,尼克松總統(tǒng)被迫下臺(tái)。1998年,她的回憶錄《個(gè)人歷史》創(chuàng)下最暢銷書榜上名列第一的佳績(jī),并獲得普利策獎(jiǎng)。
就在二戰(zhàn)前夕,她嫁給了菲利普·格雷厄姆---一個(gè)才華橫溢的哈佛大學(xué)法學(xué)院的畢業(yè)生,在最高法院任職。菲爾從凱瑟琳的父親尤金·梅耶爾的手中接管《華盛頓郵報(bào)》公司,并開始使公司走向成功。但是菲爾·格雷厄姆患有躁狂抑郁癥,他成功的背后總是伴有可怕的低迷。1963年格雷厄姆開槍自殺后,他的遺孀對(duì)是否有能力管好她自家的公司或繼續(xù)她丈夫的角色做華盛頓的權(quán)力經(jīng)紀(jì)人,事實(shí)上缺乏信心。
她在一個(gè)基本上仍是由男性主宰的世界里運(yùn)作著。慢慢地,猶豫不決地,格雷厄姆夫人開始向社會(huì)習(xí)俗挑戰(zhàn),但并不總是清楚自己所作所為的意義。許多年以來,有這樣一條世俗的規(guī)矩,就是在華盛頓或其他地方舉辦高級(jí)的社交宴會(huì)上,女士們用餐后必須退至他處,以便男士們談?wù)撝匾氖虑?。60年代,在專欄作家約瑟夫·艾爾索普舉行的一次宴會(huì)上,格雷厄姆夫人終于第一次溫和地反抗陳俗。她后來寫道,她對(duì)被排除在外非常惱火,因?yàn)樗庾R(shí)到,男人們正在討論的話題,她比他們更了解。她告訴主人她寧愿回家讀書也不愿在休息室和婦女們?cè)谝黄?。艾爾索普得知后,于是一條古老的男尊女卑的習(xí)俗淘汰了。不久以后,連內(nèi)閣官員也請(qǐng)求在她的宴會(huì)桌上參加談話。
70年代初期,在《郵報(bào)》的兩個(gè)年輕記者鮑勃·伍德沃德和卡爾·伯恩斯坦開始揭露尼克松白宮的嚴(yán)重不道德行為時(shí),《華盛頓郵報(bào)》才剛剛開始步入繁盛期。在報(bào)紙開始報(bào)道所謂的“水門事件”丑聞時(shí),尼克松總統(tǒng)的司法部長(zhǎng)粗暴地威脅凱瑟琳·格雷厄姆,警告伯恩斯坦說,如果報(bào)紙堅(jiān)持調(diào)查總統(tǒng),“凱·格雷厄姆這小妮子將會(huì)被卷進(jìn)一臺(tái)絞汁機(jī)。”雖然《華盛頓郵報(bào)》正處于巨大的財(cái)政風(fēng)險(xiǎn)當(dāng)中---《郵報(bào)》公司剛剛上市招股,同時(shí)尼克松政府威脅不批準(zhǔn)《郵報(bào)》公司的電視轉(zhuǎn)播許可證---格雷厄姆還是頂住了來自白宮的重重壓力。幾個(gè)月后,尼克松不體面地辭職,幽默的專欄作家阿爾特·布克沃爾德開玩笑地贈(zèng)給格雷厄姆一個(gè)青銅鑄的絞汁機(jī)。
幾年以前,盡管面臨被司法部控告的威脅,格雷厄姆還是同樣采取原則性的、大無畏的立場(chǎng)報(bào)道五角大樓文件泄密案,即美國(guó)政府越戰(zhàn)的秘密歷史。由于她無畏的勇氣,她被大家尊為憲法第一修正案的模范,她也成為一位非常成功的女性實(shí)業(yè)家。擁有多家電視臺(tái)、有線電視公司和其他媒體單位,她使《華盛頓郵報(bào)》公司成為聲譽(yù)卓著的《財(cái)富》500強(qiáng)公司之一。其他的媒體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)尊她為榜樣,并從她那里得到激勵(lì)。但盡管40多年來她成為婦女進(jìn)步的楷模,她從不認(rèn)為自己是女權(quán)主義者。說到底,她仍是一位溫文爾雅、禮貌可嘉的守舊派的貴婦人。
NOTE 注釋:
1. scandal [5skAndl] n. 丑行,丑聞,事件
2. manic-depressive [9mAnIkdI`presIv] n. 燥狂抑郁病患者
3. meekly [mi:kli] adv. 溫順地, 懦弱地
4. irritated [5iriteitid] adj. 惱怒的,生氣的
5. condescending [kRndI5sendIN] adj. 故意屈尊的,卑微的
6. license [5laIsEns] n. 許可(證), 執(zhí)照
7. wringer [5riNE] n. 敲詐者
8. prosecution [7prCsi5kju:FEn] n. 報(bào)道,檢舉
9. paragon [5pArE^En] n. 模范
10. feminist [`femInIst] n. 女權(quán)主義者