回憶過(guò)去：中國(guó)50－80年代的流行詞

1950s 20世紀(jì)50年代

study hard and move forward every day 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上

Mao Zedong wrote to honor an 8-year-old boy， Chen Yongkang， who helped police catch a spy in Suzhou， in 1951. Mao asked all kids to study hard to do a better job for the country. Banners with this slogan could be seen in almost every classroom。

1951年，蘇州市一名8歲小學(xué)生陳永康幫助警察捉住了一名特務(wù)。事后，毛澤東主席為他題詞"好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上"作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。毛主席希望每個(gè)孩子都能好好學(xué)習(xí)，將來(lái)為祖國(guó)貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。寫著這句標(biāo)語(yǔ)的橫幅幾乎掛滿了中國(guó)的每間教室。

food coupon 糧票

This allowed people to get certain food supplies under the planned economy. Low agricultural production meant insufficient food supplies and a quota system and the coupons were a means of distribution. The quota system lasted to the early 90s. The tickets are now the stuff of collectors。

計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，糧票是人們購(gòu)買某些糧食的必備憑證。較低的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)致了食物供給的短缺和定額分配制度，而糧票恰恰解決了這一分配問(wèn)題。這種定額分配制度一直持續(xù)到90年代早期。如今，它們已經(jīng)成了收藏者們的摯愛(ài)。

1960s 20世紀(jì)60年代

quotations from Chairman Mao 毛主席語(yǔ)錄

Practically everyone has heard of the Little Red Book. This collection of quotations from Mao Zedong's speeches and writings was published from 1964 until about 1976. People had to remember lines and use them to guide their thoughts. The title Little Red Book was coined by Westerners because of the red cover and pocket-book size.

幾乎所有人都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)《紅寶書》。1964年至1976年，人們從毛澤東的演講和著作中摘選部分內(nèi)容制成語(yǔ)錄并出版發(fā)行。人們被要求背誦其中的語(yǔ)句，并以此來(lái)指導(dǎo)他們的思想。西方人根據(jù)該書紅色的書皮和口袋書的大小將其命名為 "Little Red Book"。

Red Guard 紅衛(wèi)兵

Basically middle-school and college students during the "Cultural Revolution" that Chairman Mao allowed to act as revolutionaries. In primary schools， Little Red Guards replaced the Young Pioneers. The "Gang of Four" used Red Guards to challenge authority. They were a key cause of social disorder， but their reign ended in 1978.

在文化大革命時(shí)期，幾乎所有的中學(xué)生和大學(xué)生都是革命的"紅衛(wèi)兵"。在小學(xué)，小紅衛(wèi)兵替代了少先隊(duì)員。"四人幫"利用紅衛(wèi)兵來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威。他們是導(dǎo)致社會(huì)動(dòng)亂的主要原因。1978年，"四人幫"終于被徹底粉碎，紅衛(wèi)兵也不復(fù)存在。

1970s 20世紀(jì)70年代

educated youth 知青

From the mid-1960s to the late-1970s， about 17 million urban middle school grads answered Mao's call and flocked to the countryside. They were encouraged to pay respect to and learn from the peasants. By 1979， most educated youth were heading back to the cities but they had a hard time adapting to the changed world.

60年代中期到70年代末，約1700萬(wàn)城市中學(xué)畢業(yè)生響應(yīng)毛主席的號(hào)召來(lái)到農(nóng)村。他們被告誡要尊敬農(nóng)民，向農(nóng)民學(xué)習(xí)。到了1979年，大多數(shù)知青返回城市。但是他們很難適應(yīng)新的社會(huì)。

pull string 走后門

Literally， "entering through the back door". It originated under the planned economy when people used connections to get goods from the back door of a state-owned shop. This string-pulling reached a sort of climax in the late 1970s when the "educated youth" tried everything possible to get back to the cities.

"走后門"可直譯為"entering through the back door"。該詞源自計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)下人們利用自己的關(guān)系從國(guó)營(yíng)商店的后門獲取商品這一行為。這種現(xiàn)象在70年代末知青絞盡腦汁返回城市時(shí)達(dá)到了高潮。

laowai 老外

“老外”直譯就是"old foreigner"。“老外”這一新詞出現(xiàn)在70年代末，改革開(kāi)放后，大批外國(guó)人涌入中國(guó)。起初，該詞含有一種戲弄的口氣。如今，該詞多用為一種友好的昵稱。比如大山這種在中國(guó)居住、工作或?qū)W習(xí)時(shí)間較久，精通中國(guó)文化的外國(guó)人常被稱作an old China hand(中國(guó)通)。

1980s 20世紀(jì)80年代

iron rice bowl 鐵飯碗

A secure， lifetime job assigned by the government. Where was no fear of losing the job. By the 1980s， with the new market economy， there was a competitive model of employment. And the cherished iron rice bowl was gone after more than 30 years.

“鐵飯碗”指由政府提供的有保證的終生制工作。因此，這些人永遠(yuǎn)不愁失去工作。然而，到了80年代，在新的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，就業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制出現(xiàn)。存在了30多年之后，備受人們喜愛(ài)的“鐵飯碗”退出了歷史舞臺(tái)。

all-round good student 三好學(xué)生

Literally， "thrice-good"， given to students who were virtuous， talented， and good at P.E.; first used in the 1950s by Mao to encourage young people to keep fit， study well， and work hard.

“三好學(xué)生”直譯為"thrice-good"，指在德、智、體三方面都很優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。該詞最早在50年代由毛主席提出，旨在鼓勵(lì)年輕人強(qiáng)身健體、努力學(xué)習(xí)、勤奮工作。

profiteering 倒?fàn)?/p>

For the market economy， a dual-pricing system was tried in 1979. The price of certain goods was fixed and they were distributed instead of sold. If a factory exceeded its quota， it could sell the surplus at a higher price. People close to government or factory officials got the low-priced goods and sold them at a higher price. This profiteering was outlawed in 1987.

在1979年的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，價(jià)格雙軌制開(kāi)始實(shí)行。那時(shí)，某些特定商品的價(jià)格是固定的，這些商品不對(duì)外出售而是采取分配的方式。若生產(chǎn)量超出配額，工廠可以高價(jià)賣出這些剩余商品。如此一來(lái)，那些政府、工廠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的"關(guān)系戶"能以低價(jià)買進(jìn)這些商品，然后再高價(jià)賣出。到了1987年，這種倒買倒賣的行為才被禁止。

youth waiting for job 待業(yè)青年

The unemployed young people of the 1980s， after the government stopped assigning jobs to middle school grads， at State-owned enterprises or government offices. Some unemployed youth could "inherit" a post from a retired parent. Others tried small businesses.

80年代，政府停止為中學(xué)畢業(yè)生提供國(guó)企及政府機(jī)關(guān)的工作機(jī)會(huì)，致使社會(huì)上出現(xiàn)大批待業(yè)青年。其中，一部分人能從退休父母那里繼承工作;另一部分人則只能選擇小型企業(yè)。