波音和FAA因737 Max噴氣式飛機(jī)被安全專家譴責(zé)

波音和FAA因737 Max噴氣式飛機(jī)被安全專家譴責(zé)

A new report from a group of international aviation safety experts sharply criticizes both Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration for the way the 737 Max airplane was developed and certified to fly.

國(guó)際航空安全專家小組的一份新報(bào)告嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)了波音公司和美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局研制和認(rèn)證波音737 Max飛機(jī)的方式。

All 737 Max jets around the world remain grounded and under orders to not fly passengers following crashes in Indonesia last October and Ethiopia in March that together killed 346 people.

去年10月印尼和今年3月埃塞俄比亞分別發(fā)生空難，造成346人死亡。此后，全球所有737 Max飛機(jī)仍在停飛，并被勒令不允許搭載乘客。

Investigators link both crashes to a new automated flight control system on the plane known as MCAS, repeatedly forced the planes into uncontrollable dives.

調(diào)查人員將這兩起墜機(jī)事件與飛機(jī)上一種名為MCAS的新型自動(dòng)飛行控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來，該系統(tǒng)多次迫使飛機(jī)失控進(jìn)行俯沖。

In its report, commissioned by the FAA, the Joint Authorities Technical Review panel finds that Boeing withheld critical details about MCAS from the FAA, saying MCAS "was not evaluated as a complete and integrated function in the certification documents that (Boeing) submitted to the FAA."

美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局委托的聯(lián)合技術(shù)審查小組在其報(bào)告中發(fā)現(xiàn)，波音公司對(duì)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局隱瞞了MCAS的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)，稱“在(波音公司)提交給美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局的認(rèn)證文件中沒有把MCAS當(dāng)作一個(gè)完整的和綜合的功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估。

The panel finds that Boeing told the FAA the MCAS system existed in a broad framework, but the company did not fully explain what the MCAS systems would do nor how forcefully it would push the nose of the plane down.

該委員會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，波音公司告訴聯(lián)邦航空局MCAS系統(tǒng)存在于一個(gè)廣泛的框架中，但該公司沒有完全解釋MCAS系統(tǒng)將做什么，也沒有解釋它將以多大的力度將飛機(jī)機(jī)頭向下推。

The FAA appointed the JATR in April to independently evaluate the design and certification processes for the 737 Max. The group includes technical experts from the FAA and NASA, as well as representatives from the civil aviation authorities in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.

美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局在4月任命JATR獨(dú)立評(píng)估737 Max的設(shè)計(jì)和認(rèn)證過程。該小組包括來自美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局和美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的技術(shù)專家，以及來自澳大利亞、巴西、加拿大、中國(guó)、歐盟、日本、印度尼西亞、新加坡和阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)的民航當(dāng)局代表。

Former National Transportation Safety Board chairman Christopher Hart headed up the review, and in a conference call with reporters Friday afternoon, he said that as the MAX was being reviewed for FAA certification, MCAS changed "from a relatively benign system to a not-so-benign system."

國(guó)家運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)前主席克里斯托弗·哈特領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審查,并在周五下午的電話會(huì)議上對(duì)記者說,在對(duì)MAX進(jìn)行美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局認(rèn)證審核時(shí)，MCAS從“一個(gè)相對(duì)良性的系統(tǒng)變成了一個(gè)不那么良性的系統(tǒng)。”

Hart says the review did not find any evidence of a deliberate effort by Boeing to mislead regulators; instead, he blamed poor communication.

哈特說，審查沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)波音公司故意誤導(dǎo)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的任何證據(jù)；相反，他歸咎于溝通不暢。

"The information and discussions about MCAS were so fragmented and were delivered to disconnected groups," the JATR report says, so it it "was difficult (for the FAA) to recognize implications of this system."

JATR的報(bào)告說:“關(guān)于MCAS的信息和討論是如此分散，而且傳遞給了不相關(guān)的組織，因此很難認(rèn)識(shí)到這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的影響。”

The report goes on to criticize the FAA for lacking sufficient personnel with the expertise needed to fully evaluate such complex systems. An FAA program designates some oversight functions in the certification process to employees of the manufacturer, but the report is calling for significant changes in that program as the review finds that the employees charged with doing significant parts of the certification work faced "undue pressure" from management to remain on schedule and keep costs down.

該報(bào)告接著批評(píng)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局缺乏足夠的具有充分評(píng)估這種復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)所需專業(yè)知識(shí)的人員。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局計(jì)劃將認(rèn)證過程中的一些監(jiān)督職能指定給制造商的員工，但報(bào)告呼吁對(duì)該計(jì)劃進(jìn)行重大修改，因?yàn)閷彶榘l(fā)現(xiàn)，負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行大部分認(rèn)證工作的員工面臨來自管理層的“不必要的壓力”，要求他們遵守計(jì)劃并降低成本。

"This is not just an airplane problem,” adding that the FAA and regulators around the world need to better recognize "this new reality of super-complex automation and pilots not necessarily understanding how to operate it."

哈特在電話會(huì)議上說:“這不僅是飛機(jī)的問題。”他還說，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空管理局和世界各地的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)需要更好地認(rèn)識(shí)到“這種超級(jí)復(fù)雜自動(dòng)化的新現(xiàn)實(shí)，飛行員不一定知道如何操作它。”

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