在外國(guó)出生美國(guó)人口數(shù)創(chuàng)新高，新移民多來(lái)自亞洲

WASHINGTON — The foreign-born population in the United States has reached its highest share since 1910, according to government data released Thursday, and the new arrivals are more likely to come from Asia and to have college degrees than those who arrived in past decades.

華盛頓——根據(jù)周四公布的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)的外國(guó)出生人口數(shù)量已達(dá)到自1910年以來(lái)的最高，和過(guò)去幾十年相比，新移民更有可能來(lái)自亞洲并擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位。

The Census Bureau’s figures for 2017 confirm a major shift in who is coming to the United States. For years newcomers tended to be from Latin America, but a Brookings Institution analysis of that data shows that 41 percent of the people who said they arrived since 2010 came from Asia. Just 39 percent were from Latin America. About 45 percent were college educated, the analysis found, compared with about 30 percent of those who came between 2000 and 2009.

人口調(diào)查局2017年的數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)了赴美者的重大轉(zhuǎn)變。多年來(lái)，新移民往往來(lái)自拉丁美洲，但布魯金斯學(xué)會(huì)(Brookings Institution)對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)的分析顯示，自2010年以來(lái)，有41%的人來(lái)自亞洲。只有39%來(lái)自拉丁美洲。分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，大約45%的人接受過(guò)大學(xué)教育，而2000年至2009年間，這一比例約為30%。

“This is quite different from what we had thought,” said William H. Frey, the senior demographer at the Brookings Institution who conducted the analysis. “We think of immigrants as being low-skilled workers from Latin America, but for recent arrivals that’s much less the case. People from Asia have overtaken people from Latin America.”

“這與我們過(guò)去的想法截然不同，”布魯金斯學(xué)會(huì)高級(jí)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家威廉·H·弗雷(William H. Frey)說(shuō)。“我們認(rèn)為移民是來(lái)自拉丁美洲的低技能工人，但在最近到來(lái)的移民中，這種情況少得多了。來(lái)自亞洲的人已經(jīng)超過(guò)拉丁美洲人。”

The new data was released as the nation’s changing demography has become a flash point in American politics. President Trump, and many Republicans, have sounded alarms about immigration and suggested the government needs to restrict both the number and types of people coming into the country.

新數(shù)據(jù)的公布正值美國(guó)變化的人口構(gòu)成成為全國(guó)政治焦點(diǎn)之時(shí)。特朗普總統(tǒng)和許多共和黨人都對(duì)移民發(fā)出了警告，并建議政府需要限制進(jìn)入美國(guó)的人口數(shù)量和類(lèi)型。

The foreign-born population stood at 13.7 percent in 2017, or 44.5 million people, according to the data, compared with 13.5 percent in 2016.

根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年，在外國(guó)出生的人口為13.7%，即4450萬(wàn)人，而2016年為13.5%。

The last historic peak in immigration to the United States came at the end of the 19th century, when large numbers of Europeans fled poverty and violence in their home countries. Some of the largest numbers came from Germany, Italy and Poland. That wave peaked around the turn of the century, when the total foreign-born population stood at nearly 15 percent. But after the passage of strict racial quotas in the 1920s, the foreign-born population fell sharply for decades in the middle of the 20th century. By 1970, the population was below 5 percent.

移民美國(guó)的上一個(gè)歷史性高峰發(fā)生在19世紀(jì)末，當(dāng)時(shí)大量歐洲人為了逃離本國(guó)的貧困和暴力來(lái)到美國(guó)，其中數(shù)量最多的人群包括德國(guó)人、意大利人和波蘭人。這波浪潮在世紀(jì)之交達(dá)到頂峰，當(dāng)時(shí)外國(guó)出生的人口總數(shù)接近15%。但在1920年代，嚴(yán)格的種族配額制度通過(guò)后，外國(guó)出生的人口在20世紀(jì)中葉的幾十年里急劇下降。到1970年，該人群比例低于5%。

The passage of a more liberal immigration law in 1965, which ended ethnic quotas and prioritized family reunification, ushered in new demographics. And the changes have only accelerated in recent years.

1965年通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)更加自由的移民法，結(jié)束了種族配額，并優(yōu)先考慮家庭團(tuán)聚，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了新的人口構(gòu)成統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。而這些變化近年來(lái)才加速。

For many years, Mexico was the single largest contributor of immigrants. But since 2010, the number of immigrants arriving from Mexico has declined, while those from China and India have surged. Since 2010, the increase in the number of people from Asia — 2.6 million — was more than double the 1.2 million who came from Latin America, Mr. Frey found.

墨西哥曾連續(xù)多年成為移民的唯一最大促成因素。但自2010年以來(lái)，來(lái)自墨西哥的移民數(shù)量有所下降，而來(lái)自中國(guó)和印度的移民數(shù)量激增。弗雷發(fā)現(xiàn)，自2010年以來(lái)，來(lái)自亞洲的人數(shù)增加了260萬(wàn)，比來(lái)自拉丁美洲的120萬(wàn)人多了一倍多。

Some of the largest gains were in states with the smallest immigrant populations, suggesting that immigrants were spreading out in the country. New York and California, states with large immigrant populations, both had increases of less than six percent since 2010. But foreign-born populations rose by 20 percent in Tennessee, 13 percent in Ohio, 12 percent in South Carolina and 20 percent in Kentucky over the same period.

一些最大幅的增長(zhǎng)來(lái)自移民人口最少的州，這表明移民正在美國(guó)廣泛蔓延。自2010年以來(lái)，擁有大量移民人口的紐約州和加利福尼亞州的增幅都不到6%。但同時(shí)期田納西州的外國(guó)出生人口增長(zhǎng)率為20%，俄亥俄州為13%，南卡羅來(lái)納州為12%，肯塔基州為20%。

The data also suggests a political pattern among states with large percentages of foreign-born residents. Of the 15 states with the highest concentration of immigrants, all but three — Florida, Texas and Arizona — voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential race. Many of the states with low and moderate concentrations of foreign-born people voted for Mr. Trump, Mr. Frey found.

這些數(shù)據(jù)還表明，在擁有大比例外國(guó)出生居民的州中存在一種政治模式。在移民密度最高的15個(gè)州中，除佛羅里達(dá)州、德克薩斯州和亞利桑那州之外的所有州都在2016年總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選中投票支持希拉里·克林頓(Hillary Clinton)。弗雷發(fā)現(xiàn)，許多外國(guó)出生人口密度較低和密度中等的州投票支持特朗普。

In those low-concentration states, foreign-born populations tended to be more educated than the native-born. In Ohio, for example, 43 percent of the foreign-born population is college educated, compared with just 27 percent of American-born Ohioans. About 43 percent of the foreign-born population is from Asia, far more than the 20 percent from Latin America.

在那些低密度的州，外國(guó)出生的人口往往比本土出生的人口受教育程度更高。例如，在俄亥俄州，43%的外國(guó)出生人口接受過(guò)大學(xué)教育，而在美國(guó)出生的俄亥俄州人中只有27%。大約43%的外國(guó)出生人口來(lái)自亞洲，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)拉丁美洲的20%。

The same can be true in states with large immigrant populations. About 15 percent of the population of Maryland last year was foreign-born. Of those people, 42 percent had college degrees, compared with 39 percent of American-born Marylanders.

在擁有大量移民人口的州也可能如此。馬里蘭州去年約有15%的國(guó)外出生人口。在這些人中，42%擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位，而美國(guó)出生的馬里蘭人的比例則為39%。

Chao Wu, a data scientist in Columbia, Maryland, who came from China in 2003, said he had long known about Asian graduate students in the United States, because he had been one. But it wasn’t until he started running for a seat on his county’s board of education that he noticed the richness and variation in the population.

2003年，來(lái)自中國(guó)的馬里蘭州哥倫比亞數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家趙武(音)表示，他早就了解美國(guó)的亞洲研究生情況，因?yàn)樗?jīng)是其中一員。但直到他開(kāi)始競(jìng)選縣教育委員會(huì)的一個(gè)席位時(shí)，才注意到這個(gè)人群的豐富性和變異性。

“I increased my outreach and I realized there was a big Asian-American business community, with restaurants and grocery stores,” he said. He said he recently helped organize a ceremony in his town with a sister city in China. A portion of Route 40 was renamed Korean Way.

“我拓展了自己的接觸范圍，我意識(shí)到這里有一個(gè)大型的亞裔商戶社區(qū)，有餐館和雜貨店，”他說(shuō)。他還說(shuō)，最近在他所在的城市，他參與組織了一個(gè)與中國(guó)姐妹城市舉辦的儀式。40號(hào)公路的一部分更名為韓國(guó)路。

But the rising levels of education are not lifting everyone. Asian-Americans are now the most economically divided racial or ethnic group in the country, according to a Pew Research Center analysis. Income inequality among Asian-Americans nearly doubled from 1970 to 2016.

但是，不斷上升的教育水平并沒(méi)有令所有人都得到提升。根據(jù)皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的分析，亞裔美國(guó)人現(xiàn)在是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)上差異最大的種族或族裔群體。從1970年到2016年，亞裔美國(guó)人的收入不平等幾乎翻了一番。

While people from Asia make up the largest share of recent newcomers, a majority of the country’s total foreign-born population is still from Latin America — 50 percent, compared to 31 percent from Asia.

雖然來(lái)自亞洲的人口占最近新移民的最大份額，但外國(guó)出生人口多數(shù)仍來(lái)自拉丁美洲，占50%，而亞裔占31%。

North Dakota had the single largest percentage increase in foreign-born residents since 2010, Mr. Frey said, with the number going up by 87 percent. Dr. Fadel E. Nammour, a gastroenterologist in Fargo, N.D., who moved to the United States from Lebanon in 1996, said he has noticed more immigrant-owned restaurants since he moved to North Dakota in 2002. In recent years, the state has settled refugees from countries including Iraq, Somalia and Congo. In all, foreign-born people in North Dakota rose to 31,000 in 2017 from just 16,600 in 2010, Mr. Frey found.

弗雷說(shuō)，自2010年以來(lái)，北達(dá)科他州的外國(guó)出生居民增幅最大，增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)到87%。1996年從黎巴嫩移居美國(guó)的胃腸病學(xué)家法德?tīng)?middot;E·那默爾(Fadel E. Nammour)博士表示，自2002年搬到北達(dá)科他州以來(lái)，他注意到移民開(kāi)的餐館更多了。近年來(lái)，該州有來(lái)自伊拉克、索馬里和剛果等國(guó)的難民。弗雷發(fā)現(xiàn)，總體而言，北達(dá)科他州的外國(guó)出生人口從2010年的1.66萬(wàn)人增加到了2017年的3.1萬(wàn)人。

“There is more diversity now,” Dr. Nammour said. “You can tell by food. There are Indian places that opened up. We have an African place now. Little things that are a little bit different.”

“現(xiàn)在有更多的多樣性，”那默爾說(shuō)。“你可以通過(guò)食物來(lái)判斷。開(kāi)了一些印度餐廳?，F(xiàn)在還有一個(gè)非洲餐廳。那些小事情現(xiàn)在有了一些小小的不同。”