特朗普再次逆轉(zhuǎn)，美國(guó)重燃對(duì)華關(guān)稅戰(zhàn)火

WASHINGTON — President Trump, stung by criticism that he has gone soft on China and less worried about Beijing’s ability to disrupt a potential summit meeting with North Korea, reversed course on Tuesday and declared that the United States would impose tariffs and other punitive measures on China.

華盛頓——對(duì)中國(guó)態(tài)度軟化的批評(píng)令特朗普總統(tǒng)受到刺激，加上他不再那么擔(dān)心北京破壞美朝峰會(huì)的能力，所以周二他改變方向，宣布美國(guó)將對(duì)中國(guó)加征關(guān)稅并實(shí)施其他懲罰措施。

Barely a week after Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that the trade war was “on hold” and that tariffs would be suspended as negotiations continued, the White House issued a statement saying the United States would move ahead with its plan to impose 25 percent tariffs on $50 billion worth of imported Chinese goods within the next month.

不到一周前，美國(guó)財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)史蒂文·努欽(Steven Mnuchin)表示，貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)“暫停”，并在談判繼續(xù)進(jìn)行期間擱置關(guān)稅提議。到了周二，白宮發(fā)表聲明稱(chēng)，美國(guó)將在下個(gè)月內(nèi)繼續(xù)執(zhí)行對(duì)500億美元中國(guó)進(jìn)口商品征收25%關(guān)稅的計(jì)劃。

Mr. Trump’s reversal was yet another twist in a long-running ideological battle in the West Wing between economic nationalists, who channel Mr. Trump’s protectionist instincts, and more mainstream advisers like Mr. Mnuchin, who worry that tariffs and investment restrictions will hurt the stock market and hobble long-term growth.

特朗普的這次逆轉(zhuǎn)是白宮西翼曠日持久的思想斗爭(zhēng)的最新轉(zhuǎn)折，一方是引導(dǎo)特朗普保護(hù)主義本能的經(jīng)濟(jì)民族主義者，另一方是努欽等更主流的顧問(wèn)，他們擔(dān)心關(guān)稅和投資限制會(huì)傷害股市，阻礙長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)。

The nationalists seem to have won this round. While Mr. Trump is sending Wilbur Ross, the commerce secretary, to Beijing this weekend to try again to resolve the dispute, people briefed on the talks said Mr. Trump was frustrated with the first round of trade negotiations and wary of giving Democrats an opening on one of his core issues.

這一輪似乎是民族主義者贏了。雖然特朗普派商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)威爾伯·羅斯(Wilbur Ross)本周末前往北京，再次嘗試解決爭(zhēng)端，但知情人士表示，特朗普對(duì)第一輪貿(mào)易談判感到沮喪，擔(dān)心在核心問(wèn)題之一中給民主黨提供了一個(gè)批評(píng)他的把柄。

The trade offensive comes at a sensitive moment, days after Mr. Trump pulled out of his planned June 12 meeting with the North’s leader, Kim Jong-un, after suggesting that China played a role in derailing the encounter. But the president has since expressed more optimism about the meeting, and negotiators from Washington and Pyongyang have scrambled to reinstate it, giving Mr. Trump a freer hand to resume his tough approach to America’s greatest economic adversary.

此次貿(mào)易攻勢(shì)發(fā)生在一個(gè)敏感的時(shí)刻，此前幾天，特朗普取消了6月12日與朝鮮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人金正恩(Kim Jong-un)會(huì)面的計(jì)劃。此前，他曾表示，中國(guó)在破壞這次會(huì)晤中起了作用。但后來(lái)，總統(tǒng)對(duì)會(huì)晤表達(dá)了更樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度，華盛頓和平壤的談判代表也在倉(cāng)促地恢復(fù)計(jì)劃，特朗普因此得以放手恢復(fù)對(duì)美國(guó)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)手的強(qiáng)硬態(tài)度。

In addition to the renewed trade threat, the United States has hardened its military posture toward China, canceling an invitation for the Chinese to take part in a large Pacific naval exercise and sailing two Navy warships past a handful of disputed islands in the South China Sea. The administration is pushing back against China’s installation of military facilities in the heavily trafficked waterway.

除了新的貿(mào)易威脅，美國(guó)還加強(qiáng)了對(duì)中國(guó)的軍事制衡，取消了對(duì)中國(guó)參加大型太平洋海軍演習(xí)的邀請(qǐng)，并派遣兩艘海軍軍艦在南海幾個(gè)爭(zhēng)議島嶼附近航行。特朗普政府正在抵制中國(guó)在這一交通繁忙的水道上修建軍事設(shè)施。

“On every issue, the balance of power in this administration leans toward a more hostile and adversarial relationship with China,” said Jeffrey A. Bader, a former top China adviser to President Barack Obama.

“在所有問(wèn)題上，本屆政府的權(quán)力平衡傾向于對(duì)中國(guó)采取更敵對(duì)的態(tài)度，”貝拉克·奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的前中國(guó)高級(jí)顧問(wèn)杰弗里·A·貝德(Jeffrey A. Bader)表示。

But Mr. Bader cautioned that Mr. Trump’s threat of tariffs could still be a purely tactical move and a cudgel to force concessions from China, similar to the approach he has used with several of America’s closest trading partners.

但貝德警告稱(chēng)，特朗普的關(guān)稅威脅可能依然是一種純粹的戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動(dòng)，旨在迫使中國(guó)做出讓步，類(lèi)似于他對(duì)美國(guó)幾個(gè)最親密的貿(mào)易伙伴所采取的做法。

“To me, it is not at all clear that Trump has turned his back on a deal,” he said.

“我覺(jué)得，現(xiàn)在完全不能確定特朗普是否已不打算達(dá)成協(xié)議，”他說(shuō)。

Last week, the administration announced a sweeping new investigation that could result in tariffs on imported automobiles — a move trade experts said was designed to ramp up pressure on Mexico and Canada in negotiations over the North American Free Trade Agreement.

上周，特朗普政府宣布要進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)全面的新調(diào)查，可能導(dǎo)致對(duì)進(jìn)口汽車(chē)征收關(guān)稅。貿(mào)易專(zhuān)家們表示，此舉意圖在《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》(North American Free Trade Agreement)談判中增加對(duì)墨西哥和加拿大的壓力。

On Friday, temporary exemptions to steel and aluminum tariffs that the White House granted to the European Union, Canada and Mexico are set to expire, raising the question of whether the countries will fold to Mr. Trump’s trade requests or retaliate.

截至本周五，美國(guó)給予歐盟、加拿大和墨西哥的鋼鋁關(guān)稅臨時(shí)豁免將到期，這將引發(fā)一個(gè)問(wèn)題，那就是，這些國(guó)家是會(huì)屈服于特朗普的貿(mào)易要求，還是進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)。

Hours after the tariffs on China were announced, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce accused the White House of going back on its word, even as it hinted that Beijing expected such a reversal.

向中國(guó)征收關(guān)稅的聲明宣布數(shù)小時(shí)后，中國(guó)商務(wù)部指責(zé)白宮背棄承諾，盡管它暗示北京預(yù)料到會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的逆轉(zhuǎn)。

“We feel surprised by the tactical statement issued by the White House, and yet it was also unsurprising,” a statement from the ministry said, adding that China would “defend the interests of the Chinese people and core national interests.”

“我們對(duì)白宮發(fā)布的策略性聲明感到出乎意料，但也在意料之中，”中國(guó)商務(wù)部的一份聲明表示。聲明還表示，中國(guó)將“捍衛(wèi)中國(guó)人民利益和國(guó)家核心利益”。

“This is clearly contrary to the consensus that China and the U.S. reached not long ago in Washington,” the statement said.

“這顯然有悖于不久前中美雙方在華盛頓達(dá)成的共識(shí)，”該聲明表示。

The last round of trade talks ended on May 19 with the two sides issuing an upbeat but vague joint statement that revealed little progress toward resolving a long list of complaints from the American negotiators. Mr. Trump, who made getting tough on China a centerpiece of his campaign, has often talked about challenging what he believes are its unfair trade practices.

在5月19日結(jié)束的最后一輪貿(mào)易談判中，中美雙方發(fā)表了一份樂(lè)觀但措辭模糊的聯(lián)合聲明，表明在解決美國(guó)談判代表提出的一系列抱怨方面進(jìn)展甚微。特朗普在競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)期間把對(duì)中國(guó)采取強(qiáng)硬態(tài)度作為核心策略，經(jīng)常談到要挑戰(zhàn)他認(rèn)為的不公平貿(mào)易做法。

But his advisers are deeply divided over how best to do it. Some, like Mr. Mnuchin and Mr. Ross, are focused on a compromise deal that would require China to buy huge amounts of American products to reduce its trade surplus, while still forestalling the possibility of a trade war.

但他的顧問(wèn)們對(duì)如何最好地實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)不一。努欽和羅斯等人專(zhuān)注于達(dá)成一項(xiàng)折衷協(xié)議，要求中國(guó)購(gòu)買(mǎi)大量美國(guó)產(chǎn)品，以減少貿(mào)易順差，同時(shí)防止出現(xiàn)貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)。

Others like Peter Navarro, a top White House trade adviser, and Robert Lighthizer, the United States trade representative, have pushed for tougher action. They want China to undertake radical reforms, ending the subsidies it provides to developing industries and allowing American companies equal access in the Chinese market.

其他人——比如白宮高級(jí)貿(mào)易顧問(wèn)彼得·納瓦羅(Peter Navarro)和美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表羅伯特·萊特希澤(Robert Lighthizer)，則推行更為強(qiáng)硬的措施。他們希望中國(guó)進(jìn)行徹底的改革，停止對(duì)發(fā)展中產(chǎn)業(yè)提供補(bǔ)貼，并允許美國(guó)公司平等進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。

Hours after Mr. Mnuchin said a trade war was on hold, Mr. Lighthizer, who has been leading the investigation into China’s trade practices, issued a statement that was viewed as a repudiation of his colleague. He said that “real work” still needed to be done to make changes in the Chinese system, and that the United States would use “all of its legal tools to protect our technology through tariffs, investment restrictions and export regulations.”

在努欽表示貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)暫停的幾小時(shí)后，一直領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著中國(guó)貿(mào)易行為調(diào)查的萊特希澤發(fā)表了被認(rèn)為在否定同僚的言論。他表示，要改變中國(guó)制度，還要做些“實(shí)際工作”，并且美國(guó)將會(huì)用上“自己的所有法律手段，通過(guò)關(guān)稅、投資限制和出口管制來(lái)保護(hù)我們的技術(shù)”。

Mr. Trump’s handling of a Chinese telecom company, ZTE, became another flash point. On Friday, he said he had reached a deal that would allow the firm, which was recently banned from buying American components as punishment for violating United States sanctions, to remain in business. That prompted a slew of criticism from lawmakers that he was backing off his tougher promises on trade and letting a Chinese telecom company that did business with Iran and North Korea off the hook.

特朗普對(duì)中國(guó)電信公司中興的處理成了又一個(gè)導(dǎo)火索。周五，他表示已達(dá)成一項(xiàng)協(xié)議，將允許這個(gè)近期因違反美國(guó)制裁而被罰禁止購(gòu)買(mǎi)美國(guó)零部件的公司繼續(xù)其業(yè)務(wù)。這招致了立法者的大量批評(píng)，認(rèn)為這是在放棄貿(mào)易上的更強(qiáng)硬措施，放過(guò)了這個(gè)與伊朗和朝鮮做生意的中國(guó)電信公司。

“Yes they have a deal in mind. It is a great deal... for #ZTE & China,” Senator Marco Rubio, Republican of Florida, said in a tweet.

“他們是在考慮一個(gè)協(xié)議。是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的協(xié)議……對(duì)#中興 和中國(guó)而言，”佛羅里達(dá)州共和黨參議員馬爾科·魯比奧(Marco Rubio)發(fā)推說(shuō)。

Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the Democratic leader, tweeted, “If the administration goes through with this reported deal, President Trump would be helping make China great again.”

紐約州參議員、民主黨領(lǐng)袖查克·舒默(Chuck Schumer)發(fā)推說(shuō)，“如果政府通過(guò)了這份傳聞的協(xié)議，特朗普就是在幫助中國(guó)恢復(fù)偉大榮光了。”

Those swipes rankled Mr. Trump, according to current and former White House officials. In a midterm election year, they said, the president does not want to leave an opening to Democrats on trade. Mr. Trump expressed his unhappiness to Mr. Mnuchin, who had urged him to settle the ZTE issue and seek a trade truce with Beijing.

據(jù)白宮現(xiàn)任及前任官員稱(chēng)，特朗普對(duì)這些抨擊耿耿于懷。他們表示，在中期選舉年中，總統(tǒng)不希望在貿(mào)易上給民主黨人留下機(jī)會(huì)。特朗普對(duì)敦促他解決中興問(wèn)題、尋求與北京停止貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)的努欽表達(dá)了不滿。

“There may be some momentary confusion, but his default position is, you’ll never get to the right of him on China,” said Stephen K. Bannon, who served as Mr. Trump’s chief strategist and is a leader of the nationalist movement.

“可能會(huì)有一時(shí)的混亂，但他的默認(rèn)立場(chǎng)是，你們永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)在中國(guó)問(wèn)題上看清他的道理，”曾任特朗普首席戰(zhàn)略師、民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖斯蒂芬·K·班農(nóng)(Stephen K. Bannon)說(shuō)。

In April, the administration detailed a list of Chinese goods that would be subject to tariffs, including flat-screen TVs and medical devices. It then held a series of hearings on the tariffs, giving the public a chance to influence the targeted products.

四月，政府詳細(xì)列出了受限于關(guān)稅的中國(guó)商品，其中包括平板電視和醫(yī)療設(shè)備。隨后又舉行了一系列的關(guān)稅聽(tīng)證會(huì)，讓公眾參與目標(biāo)產(chǎn)品的甄選。

On Tuesday, White House officials said that they would issue the final list of goods subject to the tariffs by June 15, and impose the duties shortly after that. Mr. Trump has also threatened additional tariffs on $100 billion of Chinese products that, for now, will not go into effect.

周二，白宮官員表示，他們會(huì)在6月15日前公布將受限于關(guān)稅的最終貨物清單，并會(huì)在不久后施行這些關(guān)稅。特朗普還威脅要對(duì)1000億美元的中國(guó)商品加征額外關(guān)稅，不過(guò)這目前還不會(huì)生效。

China’s explosive rise was a shock to the global trading system. For decades, Western economies like the United States have struggled with the growth of this economic powerhouse.Published OnMay 15, 2018CreditImage by Doug Mills/The New York Times

中國(guó)的爆炸性增長(zhǎng)對(duì)全球貿(mào)易體系來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)沖擊。幾十年來(lái)，像美國(guó)這樣的西方經(jīng)濟(jì)體一直糾結(jié)于這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)的壯大。

The White House also said it would move forward with restrictions on Chinese investment and with stronger export controls to limit the access that Chinese people and companies have to American technology — a measure the administration said was for national security purposes.

白宮還表示，它將推進(jìn)對(duì)中國(guó)的限制并加強(qiáng)出口管控，以限制中國(guó)人和中國(guó)公司接觸美國(guó)科技——政府稱(chēng)，這種措施是出于國(guó)家安全考慮。

Those restrictions will be announced by June 30 and adopted soon after that, the administration said, adding that the United States would also continue to pursue a trade case it filed against China at the World Trade Organization involving intellectual property rights.

美國(guó)政府表示，這些限制規(guī)定將于6月30日前公布并會(huì)盡快實(shí)施。還稱(chēng)美國(guó)會(huì)繼續(xù)追究它在世貿(mào)組織對(duì)中國(guó)提起的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易訴訟。

Mr. Schumer offered the president highly conditional praise. “This outline represents the kind of actions we have needed to take for a long time, but the president must stick with it and not bargain it away,” he said in a statement.

舒默向總統(tǒng)提出了一個(gè)有條件的贊揚(yáng)。“這個(gè)大綱代表著我們?cè)诤荛L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期內(nèi)需要采取的行動(dòng)，但總統(tǒng)必須堅(jiān)持下去，而不是在討價(jià)還價(jià)中輕易放棄，”他在一份聲明中表示。

Representative Richard E. Neal, Democrat of Massachusetts, said the administration was merely trying to save face “by rattling its saber with new deadlines,” after having undermined American national security interests by easing penalties on ZTE.

馬薩諸塞州民主黨議員理查德·E·尼爾(Richard E. Neal)表示，政府無(wú)非是在撤銷(xiāo)了對(duì)中興的懲罰、破壞了美國(guó)國(guó)家安全利益之后，“通過(guò)新的最后期限嚇唬人，”以挽回顏面。

“Without a coherent strategy,” he said, “it’s hard to see the renewed commitment to threatening tariffs and investment restrictions as anything but more bluster and chaos.”

“沒(méi)有一致的策略，”他說(shuō)，“很難讓人不把這種對(duì)關(guān)稅威脅、投資限制重燃的熱情看成是更多的恐嚇和混亂。”

Mr. Trump’s willingness to cut a deal on ZTE also raised questions about his motives, given that days before he said he would help the company, China granted his daughter, Ivanka Trump, seven new trademarks across a broad collection of businesses, including books, housewares and cushions.

特朗普愿意在中興問(wèn)題上達(dá)成協(xié)議，也讓人質(zhì)疑他的動(dòng)機(jī)。鑒于在他表示將會(huì)幫助這家公司的前幾天，中國(guó)批準(zhǔn)了他的女兒伊萬(wàn)卡·特朗普的七個(gè)新商標(biāo)，涉及書(shū)籍、家居用品、靠墊等一系列行業(yè)。

Mr. Trump’s latest trade moves have provoked retaliation from China, which has promised its own potential tariffs on $50 billion in American goods. Chinese officials say they do not dismiss anything as an idle threat.

特朗普最新的貿(mào)易舉措已經(jīng)引來(lái)了中國(guó)的報(bào)復(fù)，中國(guó)已經(jīng)承諾，可能會(huì)對(duì)500億美元的美國(guó)商品加征關(guān)稅。中國(guó)官員表示，他們不會(huì)把這些當(dāng)作空洞的威脅來(lái)看待。

“We have to consider this seriously — we have to listen to his words and watch his actions,” Li Gang, the vice president of the Commerce Ministry’s research and training institute, said in a recent interview in Beijing.

“我們必須認(rèn)真考慮這一點(diǎn)——我們必須聽(tīng)其言、觀其行，”商務(wù)部研究院副院長(zhǎng)李剛近期在北京接受采訪時(shí)說(shuō)。