臺(tái)灣不畏能源安全隱憂推動(dòng)能源轉(zhuǎn)型

Taiwan is forging ahead with an ambitious plan to revamp its electricity mix despite fears about energy security, as pressure builds on the government to tackle worsening air pollution.

臺(tái)灣正在推動(dòng)一項(xiàng)優(yōu)化電力結(jié)構(gòu)的雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃，盡管存在著能源安全方面的擔(dān)憂。目前，臺(tái)灣政府正面臨越來越大的壓力，要求其解決日益嚴(yán)重的空氣污染問題。

The government has faced growing calls to tackle the toxic smog that blights many parts of Taiwan — thousands took to the streets last month to protest against coal-fired power.

要求政府采取措施應(yīng)對(duì)籠罩臺(tái)灣多地的有害霧霾的呼聲越來越高——上月，數(shù)千人走上街頭抗議燃煤發(fā)電。

President Tsai Ing-wen and her Democratic Progressive party are pushing ahead with a proposal to cut coal use and boost renewable generation. But cost uncertainties, Taiwan’s acute energy supply problems and a pledge to phase out nuclear power on the earthquake-prone island threaten to complicate the plan.

臺(tái)灣總統(tǒng)蔡英文(Tsai Ing-wen)和她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的民進(jìn)黨正在推動(dòng)一項(xiàng)減少使用煤炭和促進(jìn)可再生能源發(fā)電的提議。但成本的不確定性、臺(tái)灣尖銳的能源供應(yīng)問題，以及在這個(gè)地震多發(fā)海島上逐步淘汰核電的承諾，都有可能讓這一計(jì)劃節(jié)外生枝。

“We do see it as ambitious,” said Jennifer Morgan, Greenpeace executive director. “It is pretty unique that they are trying to deal with both [nuclear and climate change risks] at the same time.”

綠色和平(Greenpeace)全球總干事詹妮弗•摩根(Jennifer Morgan)表示：“我們確實(shí)認(rèn)為這個(gè)目標(biāo)很高。他們正試圖同時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)(核風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和氣候變化風(fēng)險(xiǎn))，這是相當(dāng)獨(dú)特的情況。”

The government aims to lift renewables’ share of Taiwan’s power mix from 6 per cent to 20 per cent over the next seven years via construction of offshore wind farms and solar installations, and to reduce carbon emissions to 20 per cent of 2005 levels by 2030.

臺(tái)灣政府的目標(biāo)是，通過興建海上風(fēng)電場(chǎng)和安裝太陽(yáng)能裝置，在未來7年內(nèi)將可再生能源占臺(tái)灣電力構(gòu)成的份額從6%提高到20%，到2030年時(shí)將碳排放量削減至2005年水平的20%。

The plan may boost the attractiveness of the high-tech manufacturers that supply tech giants such as Apple and drive Taiwan’s economy — Apple is looking to prioritise partners that act to reduce their impact on climate change.

這個(gè)計(jì)劃可能會(huì)提高為蘋果(Apple)等科技巨頭供貨、支撐臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)的那些高科技制造商的吸引力——蘋果正在考慮優(yōu)先選擇那些采取行動(dòng)減少對(duì)氣候變化的影響的合作伙伴。

But the speed of the transition threatens energy security in an already fragile power system.

但在一個(gè)業(yè)已脆弱的電力系統(tǒng)中，這場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)型的速度威脅到能源安全。

“Everyone has concern, not only the chipmakers,” said the Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association. “We need a stable power supply.”

臺(tái)灣半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)(Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association)表示：“所有人都在擔(dān)心，不僅僅是芯片制造商。我們需要穩(wěn)定的電力供應(yīng)。”

A power outage in August hit millions across Taiwan, prompting the resignation of Lee Chih-Kung as economic affairs minister. Now authorities are rushing to build new wind and solar capacity while installing a suite of new gas-fired turbines and LNG import terminals, which will be critical in cutting the use of coal.

去年8月那場(chǎng)停電影響到臺(tái)灣各地的數(shù)百萬(wàn)戶家庭，并導(dǎo)致臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)部長(zhǎng)李世光(Lee Chih-Kung)辭職?，F(xiàn)在臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局正加速興建新的風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能設(shè)施，同時(shí)安裝新的燃?xì)獍l(fā)電組機(jī)和液化天然氣進(jìn)口終端，這對(duì)減少煤炭的使用至關(guān)重要。

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co, the sole supplier of chips for Apple’s latest iPhones and one of Taiwan’s largest energy users, is set to build a $20bn facility in Tainan and notes that the government has made “clear commitments” to resolve the country’s electricity issues.

臺(tái)灣積體電路制造股份有限公司(Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company，簡(jiǎn)稱：臺(tái)積電)將在臺(tái)南興建一家200億美元的工廠，并指出政府“明確承諾”要解決臺(tái)灣的電力問題。臺(tái)積電是蘋果最新一代iPhone手機(jī)的唯一芯片供應(yīng)商，也是臺(tái)灣最大的電力用戶之一。

Officials say a delay on a single project could derail the entire plan and increase the likelihood of further blackouts.

官員們表示，只要有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目延誤，就可能會(huì)使整個(gè)計(jì)劃失敗，并增加再次發(fā)生停電的可能性。

“This is a very tight schedule,” said TaiPower, the state-owned utility.

國(guó)有的臺(tái)灣電力公司(TaiPower)表示：“這是一個(gè)非常緊張的時(shí)間表。”

The government has also committed to ban the sale of fossil fuel-powered motorcycles and cars by 2035 and 2040 respectively, which will put more pressure on electricity demand as consumers switch to electric vehicles.

臺(tái)灣政府還承諾到2035年禁止銷售使用化石燃料的摩托車、到2040年禁止銷售使用化石燃料的汽車——隨著消費(fèi)者改用電動(dòng)車，電力需求將會(huì)面臨更大壓力。

Frequent typhoons in summer, the risk of earthquakes, and rough seas and strong winds throughout winter mean wind power engineers are encountering challenges “that have not been faced anywhere in the world”, said Thomas Probst, a project manager with Danish engineering consultancy Niras, which is advising TaiPower on the offshore projects.

丹麥工程咨詢公司Niras的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理托馬斯•普羅布斯特(Thomas Probst)表示，夏季頻發(fā)的臺(tái)風(fēng)、地震風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以及整個(gè)冬季不斷的狂風(fēng)巨浪，意味著風(fēng)力發(fā)電工程師正面臨著“世界上任何其他地方都沒有的”挑戰(zhàn)。Niras正在為臺(tái)灣電力公司提供海上風(fēng)電項(xiàng)目方面的咨詢。

Developers are confident the plan can be realised and international companies are flocking to Taiwan to bid for new projects after legislation was passed to end Taipower’s monopoly by opening renewable projects to private companies.

開發(fā)商有信心完成這個(gè)計(jì)劃，同時(shí)在臺(tái)灣通過了向私營(yíng)公司開放可再生能源項(xiàng)目、終結(jié)臺(tái)灣電力公司的壟斷的法案之后，國(guó)際企業(yè)紛紛涌向臺(tái)灣競(jìng)投新項(xiàng)目。

“There is a very good wind resource in this region and the government is pushing this industry, giving some very favourable feed-in-tariffs for the developers,” said Mr Probst. “It seems very likely that a large capacity will be installed between 2020 and 2025.”

普羅布斯特表示：“這個(gè)地區(qū)風(fēng)力資源非常好，政府正在推動(dòng)發(fā)展這個(gè)行業(yè)，為開發(fā)商提供一些非常有利的上網(wǎng)電價(jià)。風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量看上去很可能在2020年到2025年大大提升。”

There are, however, also questions about future power price increases. Early estimates put the investment in wind power, alone, at $19.2bn, but government agencies remain unclear on the total costs of the transition.

不過還有未來電力價(jià)格上漲的問題。早期的估算顯示，僅風(fēng)電投資就達(dá)到了192億美元，但相關(guān)政府機(jī)構(gòu)仍然不清楚整個(gè)能源轉(zhuǎn)型的總成本。