聯(lián)合國(guó)新一輪制裁對(duì)朝鮮煤炭出口設(shè)限

The United Nations imposed new restrictions on North Korea’s ability to export coal on Wednesday, the latest attempt by the international community to tighten a sanctions regime that has not halted Pyongyang’s drive towards a nuclear programme.

聯(lián)合國(guó)(UN)周三對(duì)朝鮮的煤炭出口能力施加了新的限制，這是國(guó)際社會(huì)試圖收緊對(duì)朝制裁的最新舉措，此前的一系列制裁措施未能阻止朝鮮推進(jìn)其核計(jì)劃。

The 15-member UN Security Council voted unanimously to approve the new sanctions which could reduce North Korea’s export revenue by as much as a quarter if fully implemented, diplomats said.

多名外交官表示，聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)(UN Security Council) 15個(gè)成員國(guó)一致批準(zhǔn)了新制裁措施，這些措施一旦得到全面執(zhí)行，將令朝鮮出口收入最多減少四分之一。

The new round of sanctions follows North Korea’s fifth nuclear test in September and a series of missile launches that it has conducted in recent months which have all added to the momentum behind its nuclear programme.

新一輪制裁是在朝鮮9月進(jìn)行第五次核試驗(yàn)、近幾個(gè)月還開(kāi)展了一系列導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射活動(dòng)之后出臺(tái)的，這些試驗(yàn)和發(fā)射加大了朝鮮核計(jì)劃的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。

Amid high uncertainty about how a Trump administration will approach North Korea, the new sanctions also come amid a growing debate in Washington about the need for a different approach towards Pyongyang.

新制裁措施出臺(tái)之際，關(guān)于特朗普領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的美國(guó)新政府將對(duì)朝鮮采取什么樣的政策，存在高度不確定性。此外，華盛頓關(guān)于是否有必要轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)朝策略的爭(zhēng)論也越來(lái)越激烈。

The resolution builds on a package of sanctions from earlier in the year which tried to limit North Korea exports of commodities, including coal — its biggest source of hard currency — copper, nickel and silver.

今年早些時(shí)候安理會(huì)就通過(guò)了一攬子制裁方案，試圖限制朝鮮多種大宗商品的出口，包括煤炭(這是朝鮮最大的硬通貨來(lái)源)、銅、鎳和銀等。

US officials said that a clause in the previous sanctions designed to prevent undue suffering by the North Korean people had been used to accelerate coal sales. Under the new rules, a cap has been placed on annual coal exports at 7.5m metric tonnes or around $400m, which would reduce export earnings from coal by 60 per cent.

美國(guó)官員表示，此前的制裁措施中一則旨在防止朝鮮人民承受過(guò)大苦難的條款被利用來(lái)加快煤炭銷售。新規(guī)定對(duì)朝鮮的年度煤炭出口能力設(shè)了上限，出口總量不能超過(guò)750萬(wàn)公噸或出口價(jià)值不能超過(guò)大約4億美元，這會(huì)令朝鮮的煤炭出口收入減少60%。

Samantha Power, US ambassador to the UN, said that the resolution imposed “unprecedented measures” on North Korea. “No resolution in New York will persuade Pyongyang to cease its relentless pursuit of nuclear weapons,” she said. “But this resolution imposes unprecedented costs on the DPRK [North Korean] regime for defying the UN’s demands.”

美國(guó)駐聯(lián)合國(guó)大使薩曼莎•鮑爾(Samantha Power)表示，該決議對(duì)朝鮮實(shí)施了“史無(wú)前例的舉措”。她表示：“聯(lián)合國(guó)總部沒(méi)有任何決議能說(shuō)服平壤方面停止對(duì)核武器的堅(jiān)定追求。但是這一決議會(huì)讓朝鮮政權(quán)為違抗聯(lián)合國(guó)的要求付出史無(wú)前例的代價(jià)。”

Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, said that it was incumbent on members of the Security Council to implement the new rules. “Sanctions are only as effective as their implementation,” he said.

聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)潘基文(Ban Ki-moon)表示，安理會(huì)成員國(guó)有責(zé)任貫徹實(shí)施這些新規(guī)定。他表示：“制裁只有得到執(zhí)行才有效。”

The impact of the new sanctions will ultimately depend on China’s willingness to enforce the new export caps. Liu Jieyi, China’s ambassador to the UN, said: “The resolution adopted by the council today demonstrates the uniformed stand of the international community against the development by DPRK of its nuclear and ballistic missiles.”

新一輪制裁會(huì)產(chǎn)生多大影響，最終要看中國(guó)執(zhí)行新出口上限的意愿。中國(guó)駐聯(lián)合國(guó)大使劉結(jié)一表示：“當(dāng)天安理會(huì)通過(guò)的決議，表明了國(guó)際社會(huì)反對(duì)朝鮮發(fā)展核導(dǎo)計(jì)劃、維護(hù)國(guó)際核不擴(kuò)散體系的一致立場(chǎng)。”

The apparent advances in North Korea’s nuclear programme have led US officials to admit that the policies aimed at containing Pyongyang’s ambitions have largely failed. James Clapper, director of national intelligence, admitted in September: “I think the idea of getting North Korea to denuclearise is probably a lost cause.”

朝鮮核計(jì)劃的明顯進(jìn)展使得美國(guó)官員承認(rèn)，旨在遏制朝鮮核野心的政策基本上失敗了。今年9月，美國(guó)國(guó)家情報(bào)總監(jiān)(DNI)詹姆斯•克拉珀(James Clapper)曾承認(rèn)：“我認(rèn)為，讓朝鮮無(wú)核化的想法也許注定要失敗。”

David Pressman, until recently US ambassador at the UN for special political affairs who was involved in the sanctions negotiations, said that the new restrictions — if implemented — were an important element in increasing economic pressure on North Korea, but would not by themselves change Pyongyang’s calculations.

曾參與磋商對(duì)朝制裁事宜的戴維•普雷斯曼(David Pressman)表示，在對(duì)朝鮮增加經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力方面，新制裁措施一旦實(shí)施將起到重要作用，但是它們本身不會(huì)改變朝鮮政府的盤算。

“The idea that we are going to deal with this problem through more sanctions alone is a folly,” said Mr Pressman, now at the law firm Boies, Schiller and Flexner. “We need more options on the table and we need more enforcement.”

他說(shuō)：“那種認(rèn)為我們只會(huì)通過(guò)加大制裁處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題的想法很愚蠢。我們需要把更多選項(xiàng)擺到桌面上討論，我們需要加大實(shí)施力度。”目前，普雷斯曼供職于Boies, Schiller and Flexner律師事務(wù)所。