溫家寶在劍橋大學演講
用發(fā)展的眼光看中國
溫家寶在劍橋大學演講
尊敬的校長，
老師們，同學們：
今天外邊下著大雪，天氣嚴寒，但是我的心是熱的。我早已盼望在劍橋同老師、同學們見面，互相交流。現(xiàn)在正是金融危機的嚴冬季節(jié)，但是我看到年輕人，仿佛看到了春天，看到了光明和未來。因為我堅信，知識的力量，年輕人的勇氣，是可以改變人的命運、國家的命運、整個世界的命運。一篇好的演講應該是不加修飾的。用心說話，講真話，這就是演講的實質。我希望我的演講能夠給老師、同學們思想以啟迪。你們能夠記住其中一兩句話，那我也就滿足了。
到高等學府，我的心里總是充滿敬意。這種心情是由于我對知識、對老師、對學校的尊敬。所以，我方才深深地給校長、給老師們鞠個躬，那不是禮節(jié)，而是一個學生對待校長和老師應盡的禮貌。
來到向往已久的劍橋大學，非常高興。劍橋舉世聞名，培養(yǎng)出牛頓、達爾文、培根等許多杰出的科學家、思想家，為人類文明進步作出了重要貢獻。今年是劍橋建校800周年，我謹致以熱烈祝賀！首先，我向劍橋大學贈送“中華數(shù)字書苑”，其中收錄了中國出版的20萬種電子圖書，涉及中國政治、經(jīng)濟、歷史、文化等各個領域，大家可以從中更多地了解中國。
這是我第四次訪問英國。中英相距遙遠，但兩國人民的友好交往不斷增多。香港問題的圓滿解決，經(jīng)貿、文教、科技等領域的有效合作，為發(fā)展中英全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系奠定了堅實基礎。在此，我向長期致力于中英友好的朋友們表示崇高的敬意！
今天，我演講的題目是：用發(fā)展的眼光看中國。
我深深愛著的祖國——古老而又年輕。
說她古老，她是一個有著數(shù)千年文明史的東方大國。中華民族以自己的勤勞和智慧，創(chuàng)造了燦爛的古代文明，對人類發(fā)展作出過重大貢獻。
說她年輕，新中國成立才60年，改革開放才30年。中國人民經(jīng)過長期不懈的斗爭建立了新中國，又經(jīng)過艱苦的探索，終于找到了適合國情的發(fā)展道路——中國特色社會主義道路，文明古國煥發(fā)了青春活力。
中國改革開放，最重要的是解放思想，最根本、最具有長遠意義的是體制創(chuàng)新。我們推進經(jīng)濟體制改革，建立了社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制。在政府的宏觀調控下，充分發(fā)揮市場對資源配置的基礎性作用。我們深化政治體制改革，把發(fā)展民主和完善法制結合起來，實行人民當家作主，依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家。
改革開放的實質，就是堅持以人為本，通過解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力滿足人們日益增長的物質文化需求，在公正的條件下促進人的全面發(fā)展；就是保障人民的民主權利，讓國家政通人和、興旺發(fā)達；就是維護人的尊嚴和自由，讓每個人的智慧和力量得以迸發(fā)，成功地追求自己的幸福生活。
30年來，中國貧困人口減少了2億多，人均壽命提高了5歲，8300萬殘疾人得到政府和社會的特殊關愛，這是中國保障人權的光輝業(yè)績。九年免費義務教育的推行，農村合作醫(yī)療制度的建立，社會保障體系的完善，使學有所教、病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)的理想，正在變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。
我愿借用兩句唐詩形容中國的現(xiàn)狀：“潮平兩岸闊，風正一帆懸。”中國人正在努力實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，這是一個古而又新的發(fā)展中大國進行的一場偉大實踐。掌握了自己命運的中國人民，對未來充滿信心！
我深深愛著的祖國——歷經(jīng)磨難而又自強不息。
我年輕時曾長期工作在中國的西北地區(qū)。在那浩瀚的沙漠中，生長著一種稀有的樹種，叫胡楊。它扎根地下50多米，抗干旱、斗風沙、耐鹽堿，生命力極其頑強。它“生而一千年不死，死而一千年不倒，倒而一千年不朽”，世人稱為英雄樹。我非常喜歡胡楊，它是中華民族堅韌不拔精神的象征。
千百年來，中華民族一次次戰(zhàn)勝了天災人禍，渡過了急流險灘，昂首挺胸地走到今天。深重的災難，鑄就了她百折不撓、自強不息的品格。中華民族的歷史證明了一個真理：一個民族在災難中失去的，必將從民族的進步中得到補償。
此時此刻，我不禁想起在汶川地震災區(qū)的親身經(jīng)歷。去年5月，四川汶川發(fā)生震驚世界的特大地震，北川中學被夷為平地，孩子傷亡慘重?？墒牵瑫r隔10天，當我第二次來到這里時，鄉(xiāng)親們已在廢墟上搭起了板房教室，校園里又回蕩著孩子們朗朗的讀書聲。當時我在黑板上，給同學們寫下了“多難興邦”幾個字。地震發(fā)生以來，我7次到汶川災區(qū)，碰到這樣感人的事跡不勝枚舉。我為我們中華民族這種愈挫愈奮的精神深深感動。這種偉大的精神，正是我們的民族飽經(jīng)憂患而愈益堅強、生生不息的力量源泉。
經(jīng)過半個多世紀的艱苦奮斗，中國有了比較大的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟總量躍居世界前列，但我們仍然是一個發(fā)展中國家，同發(fā)達國家相比還有很大的差距。人口多，底子薄，發(fā)展不平衡，這種基本國情還沒有從根本上得到改變。中國的人均GDP水平，排在世界100位之后，僅為英國的十八分之一。到過中國旅游的朋友，你們所看到的城市是現(xiàn)代的，而我們的農村還比較落后。
到本世紀中葉，中國要基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，面臨三大歷史任務：既要努力實現(xiàn)歐洲早已完成的工業(yè)化，又要追趕新科技革命的浪潮；既要不斷提高經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平，又要實現(xiàn)社會公平正義；既要實現(xiàn)國內的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，又要承擔相應的國際責任。中國要趕上發(fā)達國家水平，還有很長很長的路要走，還會遇到許多艱難險阻。但是，任何困難都阻擋不住中國人民前進的步伐，只要我們堅持不懈地努力奮斗，中國現(xiàn)代化的目標就一定能夠實現(xiàn)。
我深深愛著的祖國——珍視傳統(tǒng)而又開放兼容。
中華傳統(tǒng)文化底蘊深厚、博大精深。“和”在中國古代歷史上被奉為最高價值，是中華文化的精髓。中國古老的經(jīng)典——《尚書》就提出“百姓昭明，協(xié)和萬邦”的理想，主張人民和睦相處，國家友好往來。
“和為貴”的文化傳統(tǒng)，哺育了中華民族寬廣博大的胸懷。我們的民族，既能像大地承載萬物一樣，寬厚包容；又能像蒼天剛健運行一樣，彰顯正義。
15世紀，中國著名航海家鄭和七下西洋，到過三十幾個國家。他帶去了中國的茶葉、絲綢、瓷器，還幫助沿途有的國家剿滅海盜，真正做到了播仁愛于友邦。
國強必霸，不適合中國。稱霸，既有悖于我們的文化傳統(tǒng)，也違背中國人民意志。中國的發(fā)展不損害任何人，也不威脅任何人。中國要做和平的大國、學習的大國、合作的大國，致力于建設一個和諧的世界。
不同國家、不同民族的文化，需要相互尊重、相互包容和相互學習。今天的中國，有3億人在學英語，有100多萬青年人在國外留學。我們的電視、廣播、出版等新聞傳媒，天天都在介紹世界各地的文化藝術。正因為我們善于在交流中學習，在借鑒中收獲，才有今天中國的繁榮和進步。
進入21世紀，經(jīng)濟全球化、信息網(wǎng)絡化，已經(jīng)把世界連成一體，文化的發(fā)展將不再是各自封閉的，而是在相互影響中多元共存。一個國家、一個民族對人類文化貢獻的大小，越來越取決于她吸收外來文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中國將永遠堅持開放兼容的方針，既珍視傳統(tǒng)，又博采眾長，用文明的方式、和諧的方式實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟繁榮和社會進步。
老師們，同學們：
我之所以強調用發(fā)展的眼光看中國，就是因為世界在變，中國也在變。如今的中國，早已不是一百年前封閉落后的舊中國，也不是30年前貧窮僵化的中國。經(jīng)過改革開放，中國的面貌已煥然一新。北京奧運會向世界展示的，就是這樣一個古老、多彩和現(xiàn)代的中國。我希望朋友們，多到中國走一走、看一看，了解今天的中國人究竟在想什么、做什么、關心什么。這樣，有助于你們認識一個真實的、不斷發(fā)展變化著的中國，也有助于你們了解中國是如何應對當前這場全球性金融危機的。
在這場前所未有的世界金融危機中，中國和包括英國在內的歐洲都受到嚴重沖擊?，F(xiàn)在危機尚未見底，由此可能帶來的各種嚴重后果還難以預料。合作應對、共渡難關，是我們的首要任務。
我認為，應對全球性危機，需要增進合作。有多大程度的相互信任，就可能有多大程度的合作。中國政府主張：第一，要首先辦好各國自己的事情，不把麻煩推給別人；第二，要精誠合作，不搞以鄰為壑；第三，要標本兼治，不能頭疼醫(yī)頭、腳疼醫(yī)腳。我在達沃斯會議上已重申，應該對國際貨幣金融體系進行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的國際金融新秩序，努力營造有利于全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的制度環(huán)境。
這里我想談一談中國是如何應對這場金融危機的。
金融危機對中國實體經(jīng)濟的影響日益顯現(xiàn)。從去年第三季度以來，出口大幅下滑，經(jīng)濟增速放緩，就業(yè)壓力加大。中國經(jīng)濟面臨著嚴峻的局面。面對危機，我們果斷決策，及時調整宏觀經(jīng)濟政策取向，迅速出臺擴大國內需求的十項措施，陸續(xù)制定了一系列政策，形成了系統(tǒng)完整的促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的一攬子計劃。主要包括以下幾個方面：
一是大規(guī)模增加政府支出擴大內需。中國政府推出了以財政支出帶動社會投資，總額達4萬億元的兩年計劃，規(guī)模相當于2007年中國GDP的16％。主要投向保障性安居工程、農村民生工程、鐵路交通等基礎設施、社會事業(yè)、生態(tài)環(huán)保建設和地震災后恢復重建。中國政府還推出了大規(guī)模的減稅計劃，一年可減輕企業(yè)和居民負擔約5000億元。我們還大幅度降息和增加銀行體系流動性，出臺了一系列金融措施。
二是大范圍實施產(chǎn)業(yè)調整振興計劃。我們全面推進產(chǎn)業(yè)結構調整和優(yōu)化升級，制定汽車、鋼鐵等十個重點產(chǎn)業(yè)的調整和振興規(guī)劃。我們采取經(jīng)濟和技術的措施，大力推進節(jié)能減排，推進企業(yè)兼并重組，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度和資源配置效率。我們鼓勵和支持企業(yè)廣泛應用新技術、新工藝、新設備、新材料，開發(fā)適銷對路產(chǎn)品。
三是大力推進科技進步和創(chuàng)新?？萍际强朔鹑谖C的根本力量。每一場大的危機常常伴隨一場新的科技革命；每一次經(jīng)濟的復蘇，都離不開技術創(chuàng)新。我們加快實施國家中長期科學和技術發(fā)展規(guī)劃，特別是核心電子器件、核能開發(fā)利用、高檔數(shù)控機床等16個重大專項，突破一批核心技術和關鍵共性技術，為中國經(jīng)濟在更高水平上實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科技支撐。推動發(fā)展高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè)群，培育新的經(jīng)濟增長點。我們就是要依靠科學技術的重大突破，創(chuàng)造新的社會需求，催生新一輪的經(jīng)濟繁榮。
四是大幅度提高社會保障水平。繼續(xù)提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金，提高失業(yè)保險金和工傷保險金標準，提高城鄉(xiāng)低保、農村五保等保障水平。積極推進醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革，力爭用三年時間基本建成覆蓋全國城鄉(xiāng)的基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生制度，初步實現(xiàn)人人享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務。我們堅持優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育，正在制定《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》。我們實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策，重點解決高校畢業(yè)生和農民工就業(yè)問題。開辟就業(yè)崗位，緩解就業(yè)壓力。
我們采取這些措施，把擴大國內需求、調整振興產(chǎn)業(yè)、加強科技支撐、強化社會保障結合起來，把拉動經(jīng)濟增長和改善民生、增加就業(yè)結合起來，把克服當前困難和促進長遠發(fā)展結合起來。這樣做，有利于中國的發(fā)展，也將給包括英國在內的世界各國企業(yè)帶來巨大的商機。
這場百年一遇的金融危機，留給世人的思考是沉重的。它警示人們，對現(xiàn)行的經(jīng)濟體制和經(jīng)濟理論，應該進行深刻的反思。
中國曾長期實行高度集中的計劃經(jīng)濟，把計劃看成是絕對的，束縛了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。這場金融危機使我們看到，市場也不是萬能的，一味放任自由，勢必引起經(jīng)濟秩序的混亂和社會分配的不公，最終受到懲罰。真正的市場化改革，決不會把市場機制與國家宏觀調控對立起來。既要發(fā)揮市場這只看不見的手的作用，又要發(fā)揮政府和社會監(jiān)管這只看得見的手的作用。兩手都要硬，兩手同時發(fā)揮作用，才能實現(xiàn)按照市場規(guī)律配置資源，也才能使資源配置合理、協(xié)調、公平、可持續(xù)。
國際金融危機再次告訴人們，不受監(jiān)管的市場經(jīng)濟是多么可怕。從上世紀90年代以來，一些經(jīng)濟體疏于監(jiān)管，一些金融機構受利益驅動，利用數(shù)十倍的金融杠桿進行超額融資，在獲取高額利潤的同時，把巨大的風險留給整個世界。這充分說明，不受管理的市場經(jīng)濟是注定行不通的。因此，必須處理好金融創(chuàng)新與金融監(jiān)管的關系、虛擬經(jīng)濟與實體經(jīng)濟的關系、儲蓄與消費的關系。
有效應對這場危機，還必須高度重視道德的作用。道德是世界上最偉大的，道德的光芒甚至比陽光還要燦爛。真正的經(jīng)濟學理論，決不會同最高的倫理道德準則產(chǎn)生沖突。經(jīng)濟學說應該代表公正和誠信，平等地促進所有人，包括最弱勢人群的福祉。被譽為現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟學之父的亞當·斯密在《道德情操論》中指出：“如果一個社會的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成果不能真正分流到大眾手中，那么它在道義上將是不得人心的，而且是有風險的，因為它注定要威脅社會穩(wěn)定。”道德缺失是導致這次金融危機的一個深層次原因。一些人見利忘義，損害公眾利益，喪失了道德底線。我們應該倡導：企業(yè)要承擔社會責任，企業(yè)家身上要流淌著道德的血液。
老師們，同學們：
英國是我這次歐洲之行的最后一站。這次訪問，加深了我對歐洲的了解。中歐合作已經(jīng)站在一個新的歷史起點上。我對中歐發(fā)展全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系更加充滿信心。我們之間不存在歷史遺留問題，也不存在根本利害沖突。中歐合作基礎堅實，前景光明。英國是最早進入現(xiàn)代化的國家，你們在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、保護環(huán)境等方面，都有許多成功的經(jīng)驗。我們愿意向你們學習，加強交流與合作。
未來屬于青年一代。中英關系的美好前景要靠青年去開拓。撫今追昔，我想起對中英文化交流作出重要貢獻的劍橋校友李約瑟博士。他的鴻篇巨著《中國科學技術史》，在東西方兩大文明之間架起了一座橋梁。繼承傳統(tǒng)、勇于創(chuàng)新，是劍橋大學的優(yōu)秀品格。希望更多的劍橋人關注中國，用發(fā)展的眼光看中國，做中英交流的友好使者。我相信，只要中英兩國青年相互學習，攜手共進，一定會譜寫出中英關系的嶄新篇章。
謝謝大家！
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao delivers his speech at the University of Cambridge, eastern England February 2, 2009. [Agencies]
Vice Chancellor Alison Richard, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It gives me great pleasure to come to Cambridge, a world-renowned university that I have long wanted to visit. Cambridge has produced many great scientists and thinkers Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon, to name but a few, and made important contribution to the progress of human civilization. This year marks the 800th anniversary of the university. Please accept my warm congratulations.
尊敬的理查德校長，
女士們，先生們：
來到向往已久的劍橋大學，非常高興。劍橋舉世聞名，培養(yǎng)出牛頓、達爾文、培根等許多杰出的科學家、思想家，為人類文明進步作出了重要貢獻。今年是劍橋建校８００周年，我謹致以熱烈祝賀！
This is my fourth visit to your country. Despite the great distance between China and Britain, the friendly exchanges between our peoples have been on the rise. The successful resolution of the question of Hong Kong and fruitful cooperation between our two countries in areas such as economy, trade, culture, education, science and technology have cemented the foundation of our comprehensive strategic partnership. Here, I wish to pay high tribute to all those who have been working tirelessly to promote friendly ties between our two countries.
這是我第四次訪問英國。中英相距遙遠，但兩國人民的友好交往不斷增多。香港問題的圓滿解決，經(jīng)貿、文教、科技等領域的有效合作，為發(fā)展中英全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系奠定了堅實基礎。在此，我向長期致力于中英友好的朋友們表示崇高的敬意！
The title of my speech today is "See China in the Light of Her Development".
今天，我演講的題目是：用發(fā)展的眼光看中國。
My beloved motherland is a country both old and young.
我深深愛著的祖國——古老而又年輕。
She is old, because she is a big Oriental country with a civilization stretching back several thousand years. With diligence and wisdom, the Chinese nation created a splendid civilization and made significant contributions to the progress of humanity.
說她古老，她是一個有著數(shù)千年文明史的東方大國。中華民族以自己的勤勞和智慧，創(chuàng)造了燦爛的古代文明，對人類發(fā)展作出過重大貢獻。
She is young, because the People's Republic is just 60 years old, and the country began reform and opening-up only 30 years ago. The Chinese people established the New China after unremitting struggles and ultimately found a development path suited to China's national conditions through painstaking efforts. This is the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Following this path, our ancient civilization has been rejuvenated.
說她年輕，新中國成立才６０年，改革開放才３０年。中國人民經(jīng)過長期不懈的斗爭建立了新中國，又經(jīng)過艱苦的探索，終于找到了適合國情的發(fā)展道路——中國特色社會主義道路，文明古國煥發(fā)了青春活力。
The key element of China's reform and opening-up is to free people's mind and the most fundamental and significant component is institutional innovation. Through economic reform, we have built a socialist market economy, where the market plays a primary role in allocating resources under government macro-regulation. We have carried out political reform, promoted democracy and improved the legal system. People are the masters of the country. We run the country according to law and endeavor to build a socialist country under the rule of law.
中國改革開放，最重要的是解放思想，最根本、最具有長遠意義的是體制創(chuàng)新。我們推進經(jīng)濟體制改革，建立了社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制。在政府的宏觀調控下，充分發(fā)揮市場對資源配置的基礎性作用。我們深化政治體制改革，把發(fā)展民主和完善法制結合起來，實行人民當家作主，依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家。
The essence of China's reform and opening-up is to put people first and meet their ever growing material and cultural needs through releasing and developing productive forces. It aims to give everyone equal opportunities for all-round development. It aims to protect the democratic rights of the people and promote stability, harmony and prosperity across the land. And it aims to safeguard the dignity and freedom of everyone so that he or she may pursue happiness with ingenuity and hard work.
改革開放的實質，就是堅持以人為本，通過解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力滿足人們日益增長的物質文化需求，在公正的條件下促進人的全面發(fā)展；就是保障人民的民主權利，讓國家政通人和、興旺發(fā)達；就是維護人的尊嚴和自由，讓每個人的智慧和力量得以迸發(fā)，成功地追求自己的幸福生活。
Over the past three decades, more than 200 million Chinese have been lifted out of poverty, the average life expectancy has increased by 5 years, and the 83 million people with disabilities in China have received special care from the government and the society. All this points to the tremendous efforts China has made to protect human rights. We have introduced free nine-year compulsory education throughout the country, established the cooperative medical system in the rural areas and improved the social safety net. The age-old dream of the Chinese nation is being turned into reality a dream to see the young educated, the sick treated and the old cared for.
I want to quote from a Tang Dynasty poem to describe what is happening in China, "From shore to shore it is wide at high tide, and before fair wind a sail is lifting." The Chinese people are working hard to modernize their country. This is a great practice in a large developing country both ancient and new. The Chinese people, with destiny in their own hands, are full of confidence in their future.
My beloved motherland is a country that stood numerous vicissitudes but never gave up.
Earlier in my career, I worked in northwest China for many years. There, in the boundless desert, grows a rare variety of tree called euphrates poplar. Rooted over 50 meters down the ground, they thrive in hostile environments, defying droughts, sandstorms and salinization. They are known as the "hero tree", because a euphrates poplar can live for a thousand years. Even after it dies, it stands upright for a thousand years, and even after it falls, it stays intact for another thousand years. I like euphrates poplar because they symbolize the resilience of the Chinese nation.
Over the millennia, the Chinese nation has weathered numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, surmounted all kinds of difficulties and challenges, and made her way to where she proudly stands today. The long sufferings have only made her a nation of fortitude and perseverance. The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth: what a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress.
I am reminded of the experience that I had in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province after the devastating earthquake there last May. That earthquake shocked the whole world. It flattened Beichuan Middle School and claimed many young lives. But only 10 days after the earthquake, when I went there for the second time, I had before my eyes new classrooms built on debris by local villagers with planks. Once again, the campus echoed with the sound of students reading aloud. I wrote down 4 Chinese characters on the blackboard, meaning "A country will emerge stronger from adversities." I have been to Wenchuan seven times since the earthquake and witnessed countless touching scenes like this. I am deeply moved by the unyielding spirit of my people. This great national spirit is the source of strength which has enabled the Chinese nation to emerge from all the hardships stronger than before.
With hard work over the past half century and more, China has achieved great progress. Its total economic output is now one of the largest in the world. However, we remain a developing country and we are keenly aware of the big gap that we have with the developed countries. There has been no fundamental change in our basic national condition: a big population, weak economic foundation and uneven development. China's per capita GDP ranks behind 100 countries in the world and is only about 1/18 that of Britain. Those of you who have been to China as tourists must have seen the modern cities, but our rural areas are still quite backward.
３０年來，中國貧困人口減少了２億多，人均壽命提高了５歲，８３００萬殘疾人得到政府和社會的特殊關愛，這是中國保障人權的光輝業(yè)績。九年免費義務教育的推行，農村合作醫(yī)療制度的建立，社會保障體系的完善，使學有所教、病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)的理想，正在變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。
我愿借用兩句唐詩形容中國的現(xiàn)狀：“潮平兩岸闊，風正一帆懸。”中國人正在努力實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，這是一個古而又新的發(fā)展中大國進行的一場偉大實踐。掌握了自己命運的中國人民，對未來充滿信心！
我深深愛著的祖國——歷經(jīng)磨難而又自強不息。
我年輕時曾長期工作在中國的西北地區(qū)。在那浩瀚的沙漠中，生長著一種稀有的樹種，叫胡楊。它扎根地下５０多米，抗干旱、斗風沙、耐鹽堿，生命力極其頑強。它“生而一千年不死，死而一千年不倒，倒而一千年不朽”，世人稱為英雄樹。我非常喜歡胡楊，它是中華民族堅韌不拔精神的象征。
千百年來，中華民族一次次戰(zhàn)勝了天災人禍，渡過了急流險灘，昂首挺胸地走到今天。深重的災難，鑄就了她百折不撓、自強不息的品格。中華民族的歷史證明了一個真理：一個民族在災難中失去的，必將從民族的進步中得到補償。
此時此刻，我不禁想起在汶川地震災區(qū)的親身經(jīng)歷。去年５月，四川汶川發(fā)生震驚世界的特大地震，北川中學被夷為平地，孩子傷亡慘重。可是，時隔１０天，當我第二次來到這里時，鄉(xiāng)親們已在廢墟上搭起了板房教室，校園里又回蕩著孩子們朗朗的讀書聲。當時我在黑板上，給同學們寫下了“多難興邦”幾個字。地震發(fā)生以來，我７次到汶川災區(qū)，碰到這樣感人的事跡不勝枚舉。我為我們中華民族這種愈挫愈奮的精神深深感動。這種偉大的精神，正是我們的民族飽經(jīng)憂患而愈益堅強、生生不息的力量源泉。
經(jīng)過半個多世紀的艱苦奮斗，中國有了比較大的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟總量躍居世界前列，但我們仍然是一個發(fā)展中國家，同發(fā)達國家相比還有很大的差距。人口多，底子薄，發(fā)展不平衡，這種基本國情還沒有從根本上得到改變。中國的人均ＧＤＰ水平，排在世界１００位之后，僅為英國的１／１６左右。到過中國旅游的朋友，你們所看到的城市是現(xiàn)代的，而我們的農村還比較落后。
到本世紀中葉，中國要基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，面臨三大歷史任務：既要努力實現(xiàn)歐洲早已完成的工業(yè)化，又要追趕新科技革命的浪潮；既要不斷提高經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平，又要實現(xiàn)社會公平正義；既要實現(xiàn)國內的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，又要承擔相應的國際責任。中國要趕上發(fā)達國家水平，還有很長很長的路要走，還會遇到許多艱難險阻。但是，任何困難都阻擋不住中國人民前進的步伐，只要我們堅持不懈地努力奮斗，中國現(xiàn)代化的目標就一定能夠實現(xiàn)。
我深深愛著的祖國——珍視傳統(tǒng)而又開放兼容。
中華傳統(tǒng)文化底蘊深厚、博大精深。“和”在中國古代歷史上被奉為最高價值，是中華文化的精髓。中國古老的經(jīng)典——《尚書》就提出“百姓昭明，協(xié)和萬邦”的理想，主張人民和睦相處，國家友好往來。
“和為貴”的文化傳統(tǒng)，哺育了中華民族寬廣博大的胸懷。我們的民族，既能像大地承載萬物一樣，寬厚包容；又能像蒼天剛健運行一樣，彰顯正義。
１５世紀，中國著名航海家鄭和七下西洋，到過三十幾個國家。他帶去了中國的茶葉、絲綢、瓷器，還幫助沿途有的國家剿滅海盜，真正做到了播仁愛于友邦。
國強必霸，不適合中國。稱霸，既有悖于我們的文化傳統(tǒng)，也違背中國人民意志。中國的發(fā)展不損害任何人，也不威脅任何人。中國要做和平的大國、學習的大國、合作的大國，致力于建設一個和諧的世界。
不同國家、不同民族的文化，需要相互尊重、相互包容和相互學習。今天的中國，有３億人在學英語，有１００多萬青年人在國外留學。我們的電視、廣播、出版等新聞傳媒，天天都在介紹世界各地的文化藝術。正因為我們善于在交流中學習，在借鑒中收獲，才有今天中國的繁榮和進步。
進入２１世紀，經(jīng)濟全球化、信息網(wǎng)絡化，已經(jīng)把世界連成一體，文化的發(fā)展將不再是各自封閉的，而是在相互影響中多元共存。一個國家、一個民族對人類文化貢獻的大小，越來越取決于她吸收外來文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中國將永遠堅持開放兼容的方針，既珍視傳統(tǒng)，又博采眾長，用文明的方式、和諧的方式實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟繁榮和社會進步。
To basically achieve modernization by the middle of this century, we must accomplish three major tasks: first, achieve industrialization, which Europe has long completed, while keeping abreast of the latest trends of the scientific and technological revolution; second, promote economic growth while ensuring social equity and justice; and third, pursue sustainable development at home while accepting our share of international responsibilities. The journey ahead will be long and arduous, but no amount of difficulty will stop the Chinese people from marching forward. Through persistent efforts, we will reach our goal.
My beloved motherland is a country that values her traditions while opening her arms to the outside world.
The traditional Chinese culture is rich, extensive and profound. Harmony, the supreme value cherished in ancient China, lies at the heart of the Chinese culture. The Book of History, an ancient classic in China for example, advocates amity among people and friendly exchanges among nations.
The Chinese cultural tradition values peace as the most precious. This has nurtured the broad mind of the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is generous and tolerant, just as Mother Earth cares for all living things. She is in constant pursuit of justice, just as the eternal movement of the Universe.
In the 15th century, the famous Chinese navigator Zheng He led seven maritime expeditions to the Western Seas and reached over 30countries. He took with him Chinese tea, silk and porcelain and helped local people fight pirates as he sailed along. He was truly a messenger of love and friendship.
The argument that a big power is bound to seek hegemony does not apply to China. Seeking hegemony goes against China's cultural tradition as well as the will of the Chinese people. China's development harms no one and threatens no one. We shall be a peace-loving country, a country that is eager to learn from and cooperate with others. We are committed to building a harmonious world.
Different countries and nations need to respect, tolerate and learn from each other's culture. Today, 300 million Chinese are learning English and over one million of our young people are studying abroad. The cultures and arts of various parts of the world are featured daily on China's television, radio and print media. Had we not learned from others through exchanges and enriched ourselves by drawing on others' experience, we would not have enjoyed today's prosperity and progress.
In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together. Different cultures live together and influence each other. No culture can flourish in isolation. How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself. That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I stress the importance of seeing China in the light of her development, because the world is changing and China is changing. China is no longer the closed and backward society it was 100 years ago, or the poor and ossified society 30 years ago. Thanks to reform and opening-up, China has taken on a new look. What the Beijing Olympic Games showcased is a colorful China, both ancient and modern. I therefore encourage you to visit China more often and see more places there. This way, you will better understand what the Chinese people are thinking and doing, and what they are interested in. You will get to know the true China, a country constantly developing and changing. You will also better appreciate how China has been tackling the ongoing global financial crisis.
This unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on both China and Britain as well as other European countries. The crisis has not yet hit the bottom, and it is hard to predict what further damage it may cause. To work together and tide over the difficulties has become our top priority.
I believe that closer cooperation is needed to meet the global crisis, and the level of cooperation hinges upon the level of mutual trust. The Chinese Government maintains that countries should: first and foremost, run their own affairs well and refrain from shifting troubles onto others; second, carry out cooperation with full sincerity and avoid pursuing one's own interests at the expense of others; and third, address both the symptoms and the root cause of the problem. A palliative approach will not work. We should not treat only the head when the head aches, and the foot when the foot hurts. As I reiterated at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos, necessary reform of the international monetary and financial systems should be carried out to establish a new international financial order that is fair, equitable, inclusive and well-managed. We should create an institutional environment conducive to global economic growth.
Let me talk briefly about how China has been responding to the crisis.
The fallout of the financial crisis on China's real economy is becoming more evident. Since the third quarter of last year, our exports have declined sharply, economic growth has slowed down, and the pressure on employment has been rising. In the face of the grim situation, we have acted decisively. We have made timely adjustment to the direction of our macroeconomic policy, promptly introduced ten measures to expand domestic demand, and formulated a series of related policies. Together, they make up a systematic and comprehensive package plan aimed at promoting steady and relatively fast economic growth. Its main contents are:
First, substantially increase government spending to boost domestic demand. The Chinese Government has announced a two-year investment program that will generate, through fiscal spending, a total investment of RMB 4 trillion nationwide, equivalent to 16% of China's GDP in 2007. The money will mainly go into government-subsidized housing, projects related to the well-being of rural residents, the construction of railway and other infrastructural projects, social development programs, environmental protection and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction. The Chinese Government has introduced a massive tax-cut program, which will reduce the tax burdens on businesses and individuals by about RMB 500 billion each year. We have also cut interest rates by a large margin, increased liquidity in the banking system and adopted a range of financial measures.
Second, implement a large-scale industrial restructuring and rejuvenation program. We are pushing forward industrial restructuring and upgrading across the board and formulating plans for the restructuring and revitalization of ten key industries, including automobiles and iron and steel. We will take economic and technological measures to boost energy conservation and reduce emissions, and promote merger and reorganization of enterprises to raise the level of industry concentration and the efficiency of resource allocation. We encourage and support the extensive application of new technologies, techniques, equipment and materials and the development of marketable products by enterprises.
Third, make energetic efforts for progress and innovation in science and technology. Science and technology are of fundamental importance in overcoming the financial crisis. A major crisis is usually followed by a revolution in science and technology, and no economic recovery is possible without technological innovation. We are stepping up the implementation of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development, with special emphasis on 16 major projects including core electronic devices, development and use of nuclear energy and advanced numerically controlled machine tools. We will strive to make breakthroughs in a host of core technologies and key generic technologies to support sustainable economic growth at a higher level. We will promote the development of high-tech industrial clusters and cultivate new economic growth areas. All in all, we will rely on major breakthroughs in science and technology to foster new social demand and bring about a new round of economic boom.
Fourth, significantly raise the level of social security. We will continue to increase basic pension for enterprise retirees and upgrade the standard of unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. We will raise the level of basic cost of living allowances in both urban and rural areas and welfare allowances for those rural residents without family support. We are advancing the reform of the medical and health system and working to put in place a nationwide basic medical and health system covering both urban and rural areas within three years and achieve the goal of everyone having access to basic medical and health service. We give priority to education and are now working on the Guidelines of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development. We are following a more active employment policy with special emphasis on helping college graduates and migrant workers find jobs. We are endeavoring to create more jobs and lessen the impact of the financial crisis on employment. The aforementioned measures will help us boost domestic demand, readjust and reinvigorate industries, enhance the support of science and technology and strengthen social security all at the same time. They will stimulate consumption through increased investment, drive economic growth while improving people's livelihood and creating more jobs, and see us through current difficulties while also improving the long-term prospect of the Chinese economy. They will not only benefit China's development, but also bring enormous business opportunities to other countries, Britain included.
女士們，先生們！
我之所以強調用發(fā)展的眼光看中國，就是因為世界在變，中國也在變。如今的中國，早已不是一百年前封閉落后的舊中國，也不是３０年前貧窮僵化的中國。經(jīng)過改革開放，中國的面貌已煥然一新。北京奧運會向世界展示的，就是這樣一個古老、多彩和現(xiàn)代的中國。我希望朋友們，多到中國走一走、看一看，了解今天的中國人究竟在想什么、做什么、關心什么。這樣，有助于你們認識一個真實的、不斷發(fā)展變化著的中國，也有助于你們了解中國是如何應對當前這場全球性金融危機的。
在這場前所未有的世界金融危機中，中國和包括英國在內的歐洲都受到嚴重沖擊?，F(xiàn)在危機尚未見底，由此可能帶來的各種嚴重后果還難以預料。合作應對、共渡難關，是我們的首要任務。
我認為，應對全球性危機，需要增進合作。有多大程度的相互信任，就可能有多大程度的合作。中國政府主張：第一，要首先辦好各國自己的事情，不把麻煩推給別人；第二，要精誠合作，不搞以鄰為壑；第三，要標本兼治，不能頭疼醫(yī)頭、腳疼醫(yī)腳。我在達沃斯會議上已重申，應該對國際貨幣金融體系進行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的國際金融新秩序，努力營造有利于全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的制度環(huán)境。
這里我想談一談中國是如何應對這場金融危機的。
金融危機對中國實體經(jīng)濟的影響日益顯現(xiàn)。從去年第三季度以來，出口大幅下滑，經(jīng)濟增速放緩，就業(yè)壓力加大。中國經(jīng)濟面臨著嚴峻的局面。面對危機，我們果斷決策，及時調整宏觀經(jīng)濟政策取向，迅速出臺擴大國內需求的十項措施，陸續(xù)制定了一系列政策，形成了系統(tǒng)完整的促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的一攬子計劃。主要包括以下幾個方面：
This once-in-a-century financial crisis is truly thought-provoking. It reminds us of the need to have serious reflections on the existing economic systems and theories.
For many years in the past, China practiced a highly centralized planned economy and regarded planning as being absolute. This hampered the development of productivity. The ongoing financial crisis has made it clear to us, however, that the market is not a cure-all, either. A totally laissez-faire approach will inevitably lead to economic disorder and unfair social distribution, and will eventually take its toll. A credible market-oriented reform should never set the market against government macro-regulation. The invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of government and social supervision should both act, and act vigorously. Only in this way can resources be distributed according to market rules and distributed in a reasonable, coordinated, balanced and sustainable manner.
The international financial crisis once again shows how dangerous a market economy without regulation can be. Since the 1990s, some profit-driven financial institutions in economies lacking effective regulation have raised massive capital with a leverage of dozens of times. While they reaped huge profits, the world was exposed to enormous risks. This fully demonstrates that a totally unregulated market economy cannot work. We must strike a balance between financial innovation and regulation, between the financial sector and real economy, and between savings and consumption.
To effectively meet the crisis, we must fully recognize the role of morality. Nothing is greater than morality. It shines even more brightly than the sun. True economic theories will never come into conflict with the highest moral and ethical standards. Instead, they should stand for justice and integrity, and contribute in an equal way to the well-being of all people, including the most vulnerable ones. Adam Smith, known as the father of modern economics, held the view in The Theory of Moral Sentiments that if the fruits of a society's economic development cannot be shared by all, it is morally unsound and risky, as it is bound to jeopardize social stability. The loss of morality is an underlying cause for the current crisis. Some people have sacrificed principle and sought profits at the expense of public interests. They have crossed the moral baseline. We should call on all enterprises to take up their social responsibilities. Within the body of every businessman should flow the blood of morality.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Britain is the last leg of my European trip. I have gained a deeper understanding of Europe through this visit. China-EU cooperation is now standing at a new historical starting point and I am all the more confident about the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership. There are no outstanding issues left over from history or conflict of fundamental interests between the two sides. What we have is a solid foundation and a bright future for cooperation. As the first industrialized country, Britain has accumulated rich experience in economic development and environmental protection. We hope to learn from your experience and strengthen exchanges and cooperation with you.
The future belongs to the younger generation. It is incumbent upon you to build an even more splendid future of China-Britain relations. Here and now, I cannot but mention Dr. Joseph Needham, a Cambridge alumnus who made important contribution to cultural exchanges between China and Britain. With his monumental masterpiece, Science and Civilization in China, he built a bridge between the two great civilizations of East and West. To honor tradition and innovation is the outstanding character of Cambridge. I hope more of you will turn your eyes to China, see my country in the light of her development, and act as ambassadors of China-Britain friendship. I believe that as long as you, the young people of China and Britain learn from each other and strive for progress hand in hand, you will add a brilliant new chapter to the annals of our relations.
Thank you!
一是大規(guī)模增加政府支出擴大內需。中國政府推出了以財政支出帶動社會投資，總額達４萬億元的兩年計劃，規(guī)模相當于２００７年中國ＧＤＰ的１６％。主要投向保障性安居工程、農村民生工程、鐵路交通等基礎設施、社會事業(yè)、生態(tài)環(huán)保建設和地震災后恢復重建。中國政府還推出了大規(guī)模的減稅計劃，一年可減輕企業(yè)和居民負擔約５０００億元。我們還大幅度降息和增加銀行體系流動性，出臺了一系列金融措施。
二是大范圍實施產(chǎn)業(yè)調整振興計劃。我們全面推進產(chǎn)業(yè)結構調整和優(yōu)化升級，制定汽車、鋼鐵等十個重點產(chǎn)業(yè)的調整和振興規(guī)劃。我們采取經(jīng)濟和技術的措施，大力推進節(jié)能減排，推進企業(yè)兼并重組，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度和資源配置效率。我們鼓勵和支持企業(yè)廣泛應用新技術、新工藝、新設備、新材料，開發(fā)適銷對路產(chǎn)品。
三是大力推進科技進步和創(chuàng)新。科技是克服金融危機的根本力量。每一場大的危機常常伴隨一場新的科技革命；每一次經(jīng)濟的復蘇，都離不開技術創(chuàng)新。我們加快實施國家中長期科學和技術發(fā)展規(guī)劃，特別是核心電子器件、核能開發(fā)利用、高檔數(shù)控機床等１６個重大專項，突破一批核心技術和關鍵共性技術，為中國經(jīng)濟在更高水平上實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科技支撐。推動發(fā)展高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè)群，培育新的經(jīng)濟增長點。我們就是要依靠科學技術的重大突破，創(chuàng)造新的社會需求，催生新一輪的經(jīng)濟繁榮。
四是大幅度提高社會保障水平。繼續(xù)提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金，提高失業(yè)保險金和工傷保險金標準，提高城鄉(xiāng)低保、農村五保等保障水平。積極推進醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革，力爭用三年時間基本建成覆蓋全國城鄉(xiāng)的基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生制度，初步實現(xiàn)人人享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務。我們堅持優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育，正在制定《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》。我們實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策，重點解決高校畢業(yè)生和農民工就業(yè)問題。開辟就業(yè)崗位，緩解就業(yè)壓力。
我們采取這些措施，把擴大國內需求、調整振興產(chǎn)業(yè)、加強科技支撐、強化社會保障結合起來，把拉動經(jīng)濟增長和改善民生、增加就業(yè)結合起來，把克服當前困難和促進長遠發(fā)展結合起來。這樣做，有利于中國的發(fā)展，也將給包括英國在內的世界各國企業(yè)帶來巨大的商機。
這場百年一遇的金融危機，留給世人的思考是沉重的。它警示人們，對現(xiàn)行的經(jīng)濟體制和經(jīng)濟理論，應該進行深刻的反思。
中國曾長期實行高度集中的計劃經(jīng)濟，把計劃看成是絕對的，束縛了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。這場金融危機使我們看到，市場也不是萬能的，一味放任自由，勢必引起經(jīng)濟秩序的混亂和社會分配的不公，最終受到懲罰。真正的市場化改革，決不會把市場機制與國家宏觀調控對立起來。既要發(fā)揮市場這只看不見的手的作用，又要發(fā)揮政府和社會監(jiān)管這只看得見的手的作用。兩手都要硬，兩手同時發(fā)揮作用，才能實現(xiàn)按照市場規(guī)律配置資源，也才能使資源配置合理、協(xié)調、平衡、可持續(xù)。
國際金融危機再次告訴人們，不受監(jiān)管的市場經(jīng)濟是多么可怕。從上世紀９０年代以來，一些經(jīng)濟體疏于監(jiān)管，一些金融機構受利益驅動，利用數(shù)十倍的金融杠桿進行超額融資，在獲取高額利潤的同時，把巨大的風險留給整個世界。這充分說明，不受管理的市場經(jīng)濟是注定行不通的。因此，必須處理好金融創(chuàng)新與金融監(jiān)管的關系、虛擬經(jīng)濟與實體經(jīng)濟的關系、儲蓄與消費的關系。
有效應對這場危機，還必須高度重視道德的作用。道德是世界上最偉大的，道德的光芒甚至比陽光還要燦爛。真正的經(jīng)濟學理論，決不會同最高的倫理道德準則產(chǎn)生沖突。經(jīng)濟學說應該代表公正和誠信，平等地促進所有人，包括最弱勢人群的福祉。被譽為現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟學之父的亞當·斯密在《道德情操論》中指出：“如果一個社會的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成果不能真正分流到大眾手中，那么它在道義上將是不得人心的，而且是有風險的，因為它注定要威脅社會穩(wěn)定。”道德缺失是導致這次金融危機的一個深層次原因。一些人見利忘義，損害公眾利益，喪失了道德底線。我們應該倡導：企業(yè)要承擔社會責任，企業(yè)家身上要流淌著道德的血液。
女士們，先生們！
英國是我這次歐洲之行的最后一站。這次訪問，加深了我對歐洲的了解。中歐合作已經(jīng)站在一個新的歷史起點上。我對中歐發(fā)展全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系更加充滿信心。我們之間不存在歷史遺留問題，也不存在根本利害沖突。中歐合作基礎堅實，前景光明。英國是最早進入現(xiàn)代化的國家，你們在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、保護環(huán)境等方面，都有許多成功的經(jīng)驗。我們愿意向你們學習，加強交流與合作。
未來屬于青年一代。中英關系的美好前景要靠青年去開拓。撫今追昔，我想起對中英文化交流作出重要貢獻的劍橋校友李約瑟博士。他的鴻篇巨著《中國科學技術史》，在東西方兩大文明之間架起了一座橋梁。繼承傳統(tǒng)、勇于創(chuàng)新，是劍橋大學的優(yōu)秀品格。希望更多的劍橋人關注中國，用發(fā)展的眼光看中國，做中英交流的友好使者。我相信，只要中英兩國青年相互學習，攜手共進，一定會譜寫出中英關系的嶄新篇章。
謝謝大家！
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