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托福核心詞匯:Types of Social Groups

所屬教程:托福詞匯

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2020年05月30日

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  托福單詞

  Humanness人性

  原文:Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. 我們的人性就產(chǎn)生于這種社會性的互動(dòng)關(guān)系中。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  We abandon an essential feature of our humanness. 我們放棄了做人的基本品質(zhì)。

  You, have no any tenet, have no any humanness. 你沒有任何的宗旨,沒有任何人性。

  Bound束縛;受約束的

  原文:People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關(guān)系可以分為兩種:情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  We are bound hand and foot by the contract, so we are unable to help you. 我們受到合同的約束而不能幫你。

  Don’t be bound by expectations! 不要被他人期待所束縛。

  Instrumental 儀器的;有幫助的

  原文:People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關(guān)系可以分為兩種:情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  He was instrumental in catching the criminal. 在捉拿那個(gè)罪犯的過程中,他起了作用。

  It is an instrumental work. 這是一部可以用樂器演奏的作品。

  Companionship 友誼;陪伴

  原文:Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.通過和對我們來說十分重要的人交流從而得到的安全感,愛情,認(rèn)可,友誼和個(gè)人價(jià)值等一系列情感。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  She feels the need of companionship. 她感到需要友誼。

  A dog provides some companionship. 狗可以作伴。

  Endow 捐贈(zèng)

  原文:More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 更多的時(shí)候我們沒有發(fā)展出任何更有意義的關(guān)系而只是簡單的與其他人合作并走向終點(diǎn)。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  I can only endow 100 dollars at most. 我充其量只能捐助100美元。

  He endowed the hospital with a large fortune. 他捐贈(zèng)了一筆巨款給這家醫(yī)院。

  Gripe 發(fā)牢騷;抱怨

  原文:People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們在共同合作中會相互發(fā)牢騷,開玩笑,傳八卦以及滿足感,由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關(guān)系。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他時(shí)常愛發(fā)上一通牢騷。

  He’s always griping about people at work. 他老是抱怨共事的人。

  Gossip 閑聊;緋聞

  原文:People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們在共同合作中會相互發(fā)牢騷,開玩笑,傳八卦以及滿足感,由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關(guān)系。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  I have no time to engage in gossip. 我無暇閑聊。

  There has been much gossip in political circles. 政界里有許多流言蜚語。

  Disperse 分散;傳播

  原文:We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. 當(dāng)一個(gè)人身處并消失在一個(gè)巨大的群體里時(shí),我們很難了解到他。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  The police dispersed the crowd. 警方驅(qū)散群眾。

  The wind dispersed the cloud from the sky. 風(fēng)吹散了天上的云。

  Proximity 接近;鄰近

  原文:Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. 與另一個(gè)人近距離的觀察和交談可以有更多的機(jī)會交流細(xì)微的感情與觀念。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  Their house is in close proximity to ours. 他們的房子很接近我們的。

  Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law. 法律規(guī)定禁止近親結(jié)婚。

  Interlocking 連鎖的

  原文:Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. 我們與其他人的紐帶經(jīng)常隨著我們與其他人的互動(dòng)而加深并演化為深層的相關(guān)聯(lián)的習(xí)慣和興趣。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  The Olympic symbol is the five interlocking rings. 奧林匹克的標(biāo)志是五個(gè)相連的圓環(huán)。

  The ecosystem can be redefined as interlocking life systems. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以再定義為相互關(guān)聯(lián)的生命系統(tǒng)的綜合。

  Fundamental 基本的;重要的

  原文:Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. 主要群組是人與人之間乃至整個(gè)社會的基礎(chǔ)。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  The fundamental things are also going on. 基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)也在進(jìn)行中。

  In all cases the same fundamental principles apply. 但在任何情況下基本原理是相同的。

  Oneness 統(tǒng)一性;單一性

  原文:Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. 社會學(xué)家通過對主要群組的觀察將其比喻為獨(dú)立的個(gè)體與整個(gè)社會之間的橋梁,因?yàn)樗苻D(zhuǎn)換,能調(diào)節(jié),能解釋一個(gè)社會文化符號并且能夠表達(dá)個(gè)體的感情并最終將二者合而為一。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  Cultural oneness is timeless and political oneness has time limits. 文化統(tǒng)一是沒有時(shí)間性的,而政治統(tǒng)一卻受時(shí)間的局限。

  A sense of oneness with the natural world 與自然界的和諧感

  Dispense 分配;分發(fā)

  原文:Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. 這之中的成員調(diào)集并分配能夠維持我們的生存的極其重要的資源。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the victims. 紅十字會分發(fā)食品和衣物給受害者。

  We’d dispense with charity drives. 我們將不再進(jìn)行慈善捐款活動(dòng)。

  Shun回避

  原文:For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. 比如一些社會群組雇傭仲裁者(一種可以呆在群體中,但是卻不能與群體成員互動(dòng)的人)像一部機(jī)器一樣的給那些習(xí)慣于超過這個(gè)群組所允許的范圍行動(dòng)的個(gè)體制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  His friends shunned him. 他的朋友都避開他。

  He shunned meeting any of his friends. 他避免與他的任何朋友碰面。

  Deviate 越軌;脫離

  原文:Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. 如果不能分配無效,那么群組成員就會通過拒絕或是指控來摒棄那些背離組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  Don’t always deviate to minor issues. 不要老是偏離到次要問題上去。

  You will not deviate from your present course. 你不能偏離目前航線。

  Equip 裝備;配備

  原文:Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. 像這樣的群組一般會產(chǎn)生于我們與我們的社會生活所需要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值觀體系內(nèi)。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  They can’t afford to equip their army. 他們無力裝備自己的軍隊(duì)。

  Could you help me equip the caravan? 你能幫我準(zhǔn)備好這輛旅行車上的裝備嗎?

  Sociologist 社會學(xué)家

  原文:Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. 社會學(xué)家基于感情紐帶與工具紐帶的特征對兩者進(jìn)行了區(qū)分定義并劃分出兩種類型的群組:主要群組和次要群組。

  強(qiáng)化記憶:

  The sociologist has a habit of scratching his back. 那個(gè)社會學(xué)家有抓背的的習(xí)慣。

  The sociologist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nation’s standards. 這個(gè)社會學(xué)家認(rèn)為平民社會會降低國家的素質(zhì)。


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