女兵之殤：軍中性侵噩夢(mèng)

Surviving Rape in the Military

女兵之殤：軍中性侵噩夢(mèng)

The issue of sexual assault in the military makes the news periodically, usually in articles with mouth-dropping statistics and official outrage.

軍中性侵問(wèn)題不時(shí)被媒體報(bào)道，通常是在包含有令人瞠目結(jié)舌的數(shù)據(jù)和官方暴行的文章之中。

Mary F. Calvert read such an article. It estimated that while 26,000 rapes and sexual assaults took place in the armed forces in 2012, only one in seven victims reported the attack and only one in 10 of those cases went to trial.

瑪麗·F·卡爾弗特(Mary F. Calvert)讀了一篇這樣的文章。文章估計(jì)，盡管2012年軍中發(fā)生了26000起強(qiáng)奸和性侵事件，僅七分之一的受害者將攻擊行為上報(bào)，上報(bào)案件中僅十分之一上了法庭。

But Ms. Calvert, a photojournalist who documents gender-based human rights issues, often in the developing world, could not let the story go.

但經(jīng)常在發(fā)展中國(guó)家記錄與性別有關(guān)的人權(quán)問(wèn)題的攝影記者卡爾弗特對(duì)這則報(bào)道不能釋?xiě)选?/p>

“Even though I’ve taught a workshop for military photographers for 17 years,” she said, “I had no idea that this was happening in my backyard. The numbers blew me away.”

“盡管我已經(jīng)在一個(gè)為軍中攝影師開(kāi)設(shè)的工作坊授課17年，”她說(shuō)，“我根本不知道這正在我的后院發(fā)生。這些數(shù)字讓我大吃一驚。”

She had previously done a project on rape as a tool of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Rebel groups were systematically raping thousands of women. “And, perhaps worst of all,” she recalled, “the Congolese National Army committed about a third of the rapes. The story had a huge impact on me.”

她之前做過(guò)一個(gè)關(guān)于強(qiáng)奸在剛果民主共和國(guó)被當(dāng)作戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)工具的項(xiàng)目。反叛組織當(dāng)時(shí)正系統(tǒng)性地強(qiáng)奸數(shù)千名女性。“而且，也許最糟糕的是，”她回憶道，“剛果國(guó)民軍犯下了約三分之一的強(qiáng)奸罪行。那則報(bào)道對(duì)我產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。”

She knew she had to explore this issue at home in a way that would reach the public consciousness. So she decided to find survivors of what is officially called military sexual trauma and tell their stories. Ms. Calvert, a former staff photographer for The Washington Times, found her first subjects close to home, on Capitol Hill. She attended a hearing on military sexual trauma — M.S.T. — in a nearly empty hearing room. There she met Jennifer Norris, who was testifying that her Air Force recruiter had raped her.

她知道，她必須通過(guò)一種可以觸及公眾意識(shí)的方式在本國(guó)探討這個(gè)問(wèn)題。所以，她決定尋找被正式地稱(chēng)為“軍中性創(chuàng)傷”(military sexual trauma)的幸存者。前《華盛頓時(shí)報(bào)》(The Washington Times)攝影師卡爾弗特在本地找到了她的第一批拍攝對(duì)象，她們就在國(guó)會(huì)山(Capitol Hill)。她在一間幾乎空無(wú)一人的聽(tīng)證廳中參加了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于軍中性創(chuàng)傷——簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)M.S.T.——的聽(tīng)證會(huì)。在那里，她見(jiàn)到了珍妮弗·諾里斯 (Jennifer Norris)，她正作證說(shuō)，其空軍征兵人強(qiáng)奸了她。

“Just like that,” Ms. Calvert said, “doors began to open. I photographed one of the women I met at a Senate hearing at her home in Virginia. Jessica Hinves was an Air Force fighter jet mechanic who lost her career when she reported being raped by a man in her squadron. Jess and Jen referred me to other M.S.T. survivors, and it just went on from there.”

“就這樣，”卡爾弗特說(shuō)，“一扇扇門(mén)開(kāi)始向我開(kāi)啟。我在一位我在參議院聽(tīng)證會(huì)上結(jié)識(shí)的女性位于弗吉尼亞州的家中拍攝了她。杰西卡·亨弗斯 (Jessica Hinves)過(guò)去是一名空軍戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)機(jī)械師，她在上報(bào)被她中隊(duì)中的一名男性強(qiáng)奸后失去了自己的事業(yè)。杰西卡和珍妮弗為我介紹了其他軍中性創(chuàng)傷幸存者，這件事就從那里開(kāi)始了。”

After receiving the Canon Female Photojournalist Award, along with 8,000 euros, at the Visa Pour l’Image photography festival in Perpignan, France in September 2013 for this project, Ms. Calvert began traveling around the United States, documenting survivors. They were everywhere, in every branch of the military.

在2013年9月于法國(guó)佩皮尼昂維薩攝影節(jié)(Visa Pour I'Image photography festival)上因此項(xiàng)目獲得了“佳能年度女報(bào)道攝影師獎(jiǎng)”(Canon Female Photojournalist Award)及8千歐元(約合6萬(wàn)元人民幣)獎(jiǎng)金后，卡爾弗特開(kāi)始環(huán)游美國(guó)，記錄幸存者。她們無(wú)處不在，存在于軍隊(duì)的每個(gè)部門(mén)。

Their stories were horrifying.

她們的故事駭人聽(tīng)聞。

Survivors who reported on their assaults say they have been harassed, shunned, ridiculed, drummed out of their regiments. Many suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, substance abuse. Many can no longer hold a job, even years after their assaults. Some cling to therapy dogs.

上報(bào)了被侵害事件的幸存者們說(shuō)，她們被騷擾、被排擠、被取笑、被從她們的兵團(tuán)中逐出。她們?cè)S多人患上了創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙、抑郁癥、訴諸酗酒濫藥。她們?cè)S多人不能再勝任工作，甚至在侵害事件過(guò)去了數(shù)年后依舊如此。一些人依賴(lài)著治療犬。

Whole families are affected. Ms. Calvert photographed Gary Noling of Alliance, Ohio, devastated after his daughter, Carri Goodwin, drank herself to death five days after she went home with a bad conduct discharge – having endured severe retaliation, she said, for reporting her rape to her Marine commander.

整個(gè)家庭都被波及?？柛ヌ嘏臄z了俄亥俄州阿萊恩斯的加里·諾林(Gary Noling)，他在女兒凱莉·古德溫(Carri Goodwin)因行為不檢被開(kāi)除回到家五天后酗酒致死之后情緒崩潰——女兒說(shuō)，她因向其海軍長(zhǎng)官匯報(bào)了自己被強(qiáng)奸一事而經(jīng)受了嚴(yán)厲的報(bào)復(fù)。

One survivor still on active duty in the Army, Specialist Natasha Schuette, let Ms. Calvert photograph her in uniform. Her assailant who assaulted her and several other soldiers is now in prison, a rare occurrence in the military, where such assaults are usually treated as breaches of conduct, not criminal offenses. While the Army honored Specialist Schuette for her courage in reporting her assault, she remains a loner, Ms. Calvert said. “I attempted to get permission from the Army to photograph her at work,” Ms. Calvert said, “but my request has been denied several times. In fact, all of my requests to photograph sexual assault prevention trainings have been denied or ignored and my website is even blocked on at least two different Air Force bases in the U.S.”

仍為陸軍現(xiàn)役士兵的幸存者特勤人員娜塔莎·許特(Natasha Schuette)允許卡爾弗特在她身著制服時(shí)拍攝了她。對(duì)她及其他幾名士兵實(shí)施了侵害的攻擊者現(xiàn)已入獄——這種情況在通常將此類(lèi)侵害視為行為違規(guī)而非刑事犯罪的軍中甚為罕見(jiàn)?？柛ヌ卣f(shuō)，盡管陸軍褒揚(yáng)了特勤人員許特上報(bào)侵害事件的勇氣，但她仍成了孤家寡人。“我試著從陸軍那里獲得在她工作時(shí)拍攝她的允許，”卡爾弗特說(shuō)，“但是我的請(qǐng)求幾次被拒。事實(shí)上，我所有拍攝防止性侵訓(xùn)練的請(qǐng)求要么被拒、要么被無(wú)視，我的網(wǎng)站甚至在至少兩個(gè)美國(guó)空軍基地被封。”

Still, sexual assaults in the military made the news again recently. On Dec. 3, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel announced that sexual assault reports were up 8 percent over 2013. The report also estimated the number of cases at 19,000, down from 26,000 in 2012. Mr. Hagel said that meant the military was making progress in its handling of sexual assault cases.

不過(guò)，軍中性侵最近再度被媒體報(bào)道。12月3日，國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)查克·哈格爾(Chuck Hagel)宣布，性侵報(bào)告比2013年增多了8%。報(bào)告估計(jì)案件數(shù)為19000起，較2012年的26000起有所下降。哈格爾說(shuō)，這說(shuō)明軍隊(duì)在處理性侵案件方面取得了進(jìn)展。