初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法——常見(jiàn)介詞用法錯(cuò)誤

[誤] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

[析] at用于具體時(shí)刻之前，如：sunrise， midday， noon， sunset， midnight， night.

[誤] Don’t sleep at daytime

[正] Don’t sleep in daytime.

[析] in 要用于較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)，如：in the morning / afternoon， 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

[誤] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

[析] in the morning， in the afternoon 如果在這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on， 如：on a cold morning， on the morning of July 14th

[誤] He became a writter at his twenties

[正] He became a writter in his twenties

[析]這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時(shí)就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時(shí)間段中要用介詞in來(lái)表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時(shí)用at來(lái)表示。

[誤] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

[析] 在具體年歲前用at， 如：at the age of 12， at your age，等等。

[誤] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

[析] 具體某一天要用介詞on， 又如：on New Year‘s Day

[誤] I’m looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

[正] I’m looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

[析]在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at，Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。

[誤] I haven’t see you during the summer holidays.

[正] I haven’t seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

[析] during表示在某一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時(shí)搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時(shí)間，可以用于完成時(shí)，如：I haven‘t see you for a long time. 而through 用來(lái)表示時(shí)間時(shí)則為“整整，全部的時(shí)間”。如：It rained through the night.而since則是表達(dá)主句動(dòng)作的起始時(shí)間，一般要與完成時(shí)連用。

[誤] At entering the classroom， I heard the good news.

[正] On entering the classroom， I heard the good news.

[析] On 加動(dòng)名詞表示“一……就”。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進(jìn)入教室就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這個(gè)好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一聽(tīng)見(jiàn)， on arrival 一到達(dá)就……(on表示動(dòng)作的名詞)

[誤] In the beginning of the book， there are some interesting stories.

[正] At the beginning of the book， there are some interesting stories.

[析] at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開(kāi)始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時(shí)間范圍，而in the beginning 則是指開(kāi)始一段時(shí)間。in the end=at last是指“最終，終于”之意。

[誤] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

[析] by 引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示了動(dòng)作的截止點(diǎn)，其意思為“不遲于某一時(shí)刻將工作做完”，所以主句一般是完成時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，如：I‘ll be there by five o’clock.而till則表達(dá)其一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到某一時(shí)刻，但句中的動(dòng)詞一定要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而瞬間的截止性動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：I won‘t finish this work till(until) next weekend.

[誤] He came to London before last weekend.

[正] He had come to London before last weekend.

[正] He came to London two weeks ago.

[析] before 一般要與完成時(shí)連用，而ago則與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。

[誤] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.

[析] since用來(lái)表達(dá)主句動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始時(shí)間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過(guò)去時(shí)，而不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)

[誤] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

[析]中文經(jīng)常講兩小時(shí)之后來(lái)取，兩天內(nèi)會(huì)修好，而這個(gè)介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after.其原因有二，①after 多用于過(guò)去時(shí)，如：I arrived in New York. After three days， I found a job in the bank. ② after 加時(shí)間是表達(dá)一個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間范圍，如：after three days， 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)完成某事時(shí)，一定要用介詞in.

[誤] Three days after he died.

[正] After three days he died.

[正] Three days later he died.

[析] after 與 later都可以用來(lái)表達(dá)一段時(shí)間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after 在時(shí)間詞前，而later在時(shí)間詞后。

[誤] She hid herself after the tree.

[正] She hid herself behind the tree.

[析] after多用來(lái)表達(dá)某動(dòng)作之后，所以有的語(yǔ)法書(shū)中稱(chēng)它為動(dòng)態(tài)介詞，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework， I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。

[誤] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

[析] 樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)出的果實(shí)，樹(shù)葉要用on， 而其他外來(lái)的人、物體均要用in the tree.

[誤] Shanghai is on the east of China.

[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.

[析] 在表達(dá)地理位置時(shí)有3個(gè)介詞：in， on， to. in表示在某范圍之內(nèi); on表示與某地區(qū)接壤;to則表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.

[誤] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

[析] at用來(lái)表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來(lái)表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate， at home， at a bus stop， at the station， at the cinema， at a small village.

[誤] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

[析] 在門(mén)牌號(hào)碼前要用at， 并要注意它的慣用法：at the end of the street， at the foot of the mountain， at the top of the page.

[誤] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

[析] 在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

[誤] This weekend I’ll stay in Uncle Wang’s.

[正] This weekend I’ll stay at Uncle Wang’s.

[析] 要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法，如：at a tailor’s shop (裁縫店)=at a tailor’s， at the doctor’s (去看病) at the bookseller’s (在書(shū)店) at uncle Wang’s (在王叔叔家)

[誤] Do you know there is some good news on today’s newspaper?

[正] Do you know there is some good news in today’s newspaper?

[析] 在報(bào)紙上的新聞要用in， 而在具體某一版上，或某一頁(yè)上則要用on.

[誤] The school will begin on September 1st.

[正] School will begin on September 1st.

[析]這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程，即開(kāi)學(xué)之意。要注意，有些活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動(dòng)時(shí)不要加冠詞，如：at table (吃飯)， When I came to Tom’s home， they were at table. 還有： at desk (學(xué)習(xí))，at work (工作) at school (上學(xué))， in hospital (住醫(yī)院) at church 作禮拜如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：at the school 即在學(xué)校工作或辦事，in the hospital 即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。

[誤] In my way to the station， I bought a newspaper to kill time.

[正] On my way to the station， I bought a newspaper to kill time.

[析]譯文為：在去車(chē)站的路上我買(mǎi)了份報(bào)紙，為的是消磨時(shí)光“在……的路上”應(yīng)用on one‘s way…。而 in the way 有擋道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way.

[誤] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke into.

[正] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke in.

[正] Look， the door is open， Maybe someone broke into the office.

[析] in是表達(dá)一個(gè)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，在與break連用時(shí)其后不加介詞賓語(yǔ)，而into則是動(dòng)態(tài)介詞，與break連用時(shí)要加介詞賓語(yǔ)。

[誤] I’ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.

[正] I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.

[正] I’ll leave for Shanghai.

[析] leave for 是離開(kāi)某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：start for 動(dòng)身前往某處，set out for， sail for.

[誤] I’m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.

[正] I’m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.

[析] get in， 與 get out是兩個(gè)相反的詞組。get in 為上車(chē)，而get out為下車(chē)，但語(yǔ)法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后不能接名詞，我們可以講We’d better get in. 或We’d better get out. 還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車(chē)：get on/off(a train， a ship， a struck) get into/out of (a car， taxi…)

[誤] Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

[正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

[析] over 與 above 在作為比某物高的意思時(shí)有時(shí)可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時(shí)，即正上方時(shí)則要用above.而泛指上方時(shí)用over.

[誤] There is an old stone bridge above the river.

[正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.

[析] over還有一意為“跨越，橫跨”。

[誤] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.

[正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.

[析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是講above與below互為反意詞，over與under也是反意詞。

[誤] There is a big tree in the front of the house.

[正] There is a big tree in front of the house.

[析] in front of 是在物體外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.

[誤] It took them two days to walk across the forest.

[正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.

[析] across 作為介詞有兩個(gè)主要意思：① 橫過(guò)，如：I want to walk across the street.② 對(duì)面，如：There is a post office across the street，而through 多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過(guò)。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.

[誤] The sun sets toward the west.

[正] The sun sets in the west.

[析] towards也可用作toward，它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，但不一定到達(dá)，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east， west， north， south 時(shí)，其前面要用in.要注意的是這4個(gè)詞可以用作副詞，如：I went south. 也可用作名詞，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容詞，如：I went to the south part of China.

[誤] Do you have no other clothes except those?

[正] Do you have no other clothes besides those?

[析] beside 是“在……旁邊”，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是“除……之外，不僅……而且……，除了……以外還有……”，如：I studied English besides French， when I was in college. 而except 則是從同一類(lèi)物體中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同種類(lèi)的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that則要加從句。

[誤] Can I write the exam paper with ink?

[正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen?

[正] Can I write the exam paper in ink?

[析] with后要加拿得起來(lái)放得下的工具，而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in.

[誤] I’m earlier today. I came here by his car.

[正] I’m earlier today. I came here in his car.

[析]在交通工具前加介詞by，但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞，否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞。by taxi=in a taxi

by train=in a train

by bicycle=on a bicycle

by ship=on a ship

by boat=in a boat

by bus=on a bus

by plane=on a plane

by air 空運(yùn)

by land 陸運(yùn)

by sea 海運(yùn)

on foot on horseback

by phone by letter by radio

by air mail by hand

[誤] A lot of French wines are made of grape.

[正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.

[析] made of 是指由原材料到成品過(guò)程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化，而發(fā)生了某種變化則要用from，如：The desk was made of hard wood.

[誤] This is a good dictionary in English grammar.

[正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.

[析]關(guān)于某方面的書(shū)籍、報(bào)告等有兩個(gè)介詞，其中on表示某專(zhuān)業(yè)用書(shū)，about則為某方面的普通讀物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知識(shí)。

[誤] Do you have the key of the door.

[正] Do you have the key to the door.

[析] key to the door門(mén)的鑰匙。相同用法還有answer to the question， entrance to the highway， danger to health.千萬(wàn)不要用of.

[誤] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.

[正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.

[析] have interest in是在某方面有興趣。

[誤] I didn’t do my homework， so the teacher was angry to me.

[正] I didn’t do my homework， so the teacher was angry with me.

[析] be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.

[誤] He was good for skating.

[正] He was good at skating.

[析] be good at 為“擅長(zhǎng)某事”，而be good for somebody為對(duì)某人很好。

[誤] It was good to you to help my little boy.

[正] It was good of you to help my little boy.

[析] 這句話應(yīng)譯為：你真太好了，幫助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是對(duì)某人態(tài)度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.

[誤] My parents were very pleased at me.

[正] My parents were very pleased with me.

[正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.

[析] be pleased with后加somebody， 而be pleased at后加something.

[誤] He is agree with me.

[正] He agrees with me.

[誤] He againsts me.

[正] He is against me.

[析]同意agree為動(dòng)詞，而反對(duì)against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。

[誤] I haven’t heard letters from him.

[正] I haven’t heard from him.

[析] hear from 即為：從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。

[誤] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?

[正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?

[析] 作為“拜訪”講call at其后接地點(diǎn)，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。

[誤] Do you know the girl on white?

[正] Do you know the girl in white?

[析] in white為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有：in bed(睡覺(jué))，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危險(xiǎn)中)，in joy (高興)，in good health(身體好)，in love(戀愛(ài))，in trouble(困境)，與之相反的是out of ，如：out of trouble (擺脫困境)，out of date(過(guò)時(shí)了)， out of order(出故障)

[誤] He looked at me at surprise.

[正] He looked at me in surprise.

[析] surprise的用法一般有三種。①用于句首，To one’s surprise， 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at， 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.

[誤] She didn’t come to school because of she was ill.

[正] She didn’t come to school because she was ill.

[析] because of 后接名詞，如：The game was put off because of the rain.