英語(yǔ)想得高分，千萬(wàn)不能用這5個(gè)寫(xiě)作方式！

1.不要用副詞

The adverb is not your friend. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They’re the ones that usually end in -ly. With adverbs, the writer usually tells us he or she is afraid he/she isn’t expressing himself/herself clearly, that he or she is not getting the point or the picture across.

副詞并不是你的朋友，副詞是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或其它副詞的。它們通常以ly結(jié)尾。作者通常用副詞來(lái)表達(dá)那些自己無(wú)法解釋清楚的意思及表明的觀點(diǎn)。

There are numerous usage "rules" regarding the placement of adverbs in prose: one shouldn't split a compound verb or infinitive with them (so no "to boldly go" or "must be heartily congratulated");

關(guān)于在散文中放置有太多的用法規(guī)則了：我們不應(yīng)該讓副詞出現(xiàn)在復(fù)合動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞不定式中，因而我們不能說(shuō)"to boldly go"或"must be heartily congratulated"。

One must place them closest to the word they are modifying (so no "Quickly the news anchor corrected himself"; go with "The news anchor quickly corrected himself");

我們必須要把它放在離其所要修飾的詞最近的地方(所以我們不能說(shuō)"Quickly the news anchor corrected himself"，而應(yīng)該是"The news anchor quickly corrected himself")。

One shouldn't start a sentence with them, especially if the adverb in question is hopefully;

我們不能把副詞放在句首，尤其是“hopefully”這個(gè)詞。

One should know when to use a flat adverb (like quick in "move quick" and safe in "drive safe") and when to use an inflected -ly adverb (like "quickly move aside" and "safely drive the truck");

我們應(yīng)當(dāng)知道什么時(shí)候用單純形副詞(像是 “move quick”中的“quick”,“drive safe”中的“safe”)什么時(shí)候用加ly的副詞(像是"quickly move aside"中的“quickly”和"safely drive the truck"中的“safely”)

2. Never Use the Passive Voice

2.不要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

Never use the passive where you can use the active.

能用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的話就不要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

English verbs have two voices: active and passive. We use the active voice in sentences like this one, and it shows who is doing the acting (we are) and what is being acted on (the active voice). But the passive voice is often used in more formal sentences, like this one, where the actor—here, the invisible writer of this sentence, who is the one using the passive voice—is hidden from view. Here are a few examples of sentences written in the active voice and then recast in the passive voice:

英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有2種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。我們?cè)诒揪渲芯褪褂昧酥鲃?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，它能體現(xiàn)誰(shuí)(我們)在進(jìn)行動(dòng)作，什么動(dòng)作(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))在被進(jìn)行。但是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)卻更常在正式場(chǎng)合中使用，像這句，演員在哪里-這里，這句話的隱形作者，也就是使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的這個(gè)人-從當(dāng)前默默隱去了。以下的幾個(gè)例子，都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的，并且改寫(xiě)成了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

The teacher told us to use the active voice. vs We were told to use the active voice.

老師告訴我們要使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 和 我們被老師告知要使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The police questioned the suspect. vs The suspect was questioned.

警察詢問(wèn)了嫌疑人 和嫌疑人被警察詢問(wèn)了。

I made a mistake. vs Mistakes were made.

我犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤 和 錯(cuò)誤被犯了

You'll notice that the passive voice seems to distance an action from its perpetrator, or it makes the thing being acted on ("we," "the suspect," and "mistakes" above) more important than the doer. For this reason, the passive voice is very common in more formal writing, where the authors want to keep the perpetrator of the action or the speaker distant.

你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使得一個(gè)行動(dòng)和行動(dòng)者分離開(kāi)來(lái)，或是動(dòng)作被進(jìn)行的一方(“我們”“嫌疑人”和以上的“錯(cuò)誤”)顯得比進(jìn)行動(dòng)作的一方更加重要。因此，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在正式寫(xiě)作中比較常見(jiàn)，作者想要讓進(jìn)行動(dòng)作的一方或說(shuō)話人能產(chǎn)生一種距離感。

3. Never use a verb other than "said" to carry dialogue.

3.永遠(yuǎn)不要用除了 “said”的動(dòng)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)話

The line of dialogue belongs to the character; the verb is the writer sticking his nose in. But said is far less intrusive than grumbled, gasped, cautioned, lied. I once noticed Mary McCarthy ending a line of dialogue with "she asseverated," and had to stop reading to get the dictionary.

對(duì)話的范疇屬于人物，動(dòng)詞是作者非常關(guān)心的。但是，“said”這詞遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及嘟囔，喘息，警告，撒謊等詞更具侵入性。我曾經(jīng)注意到瑪麗•麥卡錫用“她鄭重地聲明”來(lái)結(jié)束了一個(gè)對(duì)話，那時(shí)我不得不停止閱讀去查了字典。

This is a rule that is often repeated, something that is supposedly the province of "showing, not telling." But this is less a rule of writing and more of a personal preference of Leonard's.

這是一個(gè)經(jīng)常被提及的規(guī)則，有時(shí)其職責(zé)據(jù)稱是“要顯示，而不是講述”。但這不太像寫(xiě)作的規(guī)則反正更像是倫納德的個(gè)人喜好。

Of course, lots of these non-said dialogue markers are almost as old as said itself is. Check your dictionary and you’ll see that dialogue verbs like crow, yell, whisper, and groan are contemporaries of said and had ample use in Old English as well as in Modern English.

當(dāng)然了，這些非言語(yǔ)類的對(duì)話標(biāo)識(shí)本身也像“said”這詞一樣的老。查你的字典看看，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些對(duì)話動(dòng)詞比如，crow,啼叫，yell叫喊，whisper低語(yǔ)，和groan咆哮雖都是當(dāng)代的言語(yǔ)詞，但在古英語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中都有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。

4.Omit Needless Words

4.刪掉多余的單詞

Along with advice about the passive voice and keeping your writing in the same verb tense is this often-quoted axiom: omit needless words.

和在寫(xiě)作中對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的建議及要保持時(shí)態(tài)一致一樣被經(jīng)常引用的還有：刪掉多余的單詞。

The question is, of course, what’s a needless word and who gets to say? Take this paragraph:

那么問(wèn)題就是，什么叫多余的單詞，誰(shuí)說(shuō)了算?我們拿下面這段來(lái)舉例：

Sitting beside the road, watching the wagon mount the hill toward her, Lena thinks, “I have come from Alabama: a fur piece. All the way from Alabama a-walking. A fur piece.” Thinking although I have not been quite a month on the road I am already in Mississippi, further from home than I have ever been before. I am now further from Doane’s Mill than I have been since I was twelve years old.

坐在路邊，看著貨車(chē)爬上了她這邊的山丘，莉娜心想，“我來(lái)自于阿拉巴馬這么一個(gè)皮毛之地。阿拉巴馬所有的路都必須得步行。一個(gè)皮毛之地啊。”盡管我離家還不到一個(gè)月，我已經(jīng)到了密西西比，比我以前任何時(shí)候都離家遠(yuǎn)。這比我12歲那年離多恩的磨房要更遠(yuǎn)了。

If we have words in our language (and our dictionaries), then it is because they are needful, not needless. And though we tend to focus on the meaning of words, we can’t deny that they can have extra-semantic uses.

如果我們的語(yǔ)言中(字典中)出現(xiàn)單詞，那是因?yàn)樗鼈兪潜匦璧?。盡管我們關(guān)注的常常是單詞的意思，但我們不可否認(rèn)它們也有額外的語(yǔ)義作用。

5.Avoid Colloquial Language

5.避免口語(yǔ)化

Slang is everywhere. When we use it in everyday life to communicate with friends informally, it’s usually fine. In fact, sounding too formal around our friends is kinda weird. Slang, or colloquial language—to use the formal term—is not appropriate in academic writing and many professional communication situations.

俚語(yǔ)無(wú)處不在。在非正式場(chǎng)合我們跟朋友們進(jìn)行日常交流時(shí)，用俚語(yǔ)還是不錯(cuò)的。實(shí)際上，和朋友在一起時(shí)用很正式的語(yǔ)言交流有一點(diǎn)奇怪。俚語(yǔ)，或是口語(yǔ)-用在正式的場(chǎng)合下-出現(xiàn)在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作和許多專業(yè)溝通時(shí)卻是很不合時(shí)宜的。

Some writing teachers tell their students to avoid certain classes of words: slang, jargon, new words whose meaning isn’t apparent. The idea behind this is that you don’t want the words you use to snag the audience’s attention and detract from the point you’re making. This is a guideline that many of us learn as we go through school, where most of our writing is more formal and academic, and it’s a good guideline to follow in academic and formal writing.

一些寫(xiě)作老師告訴他們的學(xué)生要避開(kāi)特定的某類單詞：俚語(yǔ)，術(shù)語(yǔ)，意思模糊的新詞。言下之意就是，你也不想在使用這些詞語(yǔ)時(shí)吸引了讀者的注意力，卻使得他們?cè)诶斫饽愕挠^點(diǎn)時(shí)分了心。這是我們很多人在學(xué)校學(xué)到的寫(xiě)作原則，在學(xué)校里我們大部分的寫(xiě)作還是比較正式且學(xué)術(shù)的，在學(xué)術(shù)和正式的寫(xiě)作時(shí)，這個(gè)原則非常受用。

But context is everything. Sometimes writers and editors will forget that not all writing is academic writing, and they’ll expand on the rule a bit to say that one shouldn’t use words that aren’t entered into a dictionary (regardless of what one is writing).但是內(nèi)容至上。有時(shí)候作者和編輯會(huì)忘記并非所有的寫(xiě)作都跟學(xué)術(shù)有關(guān)，他們會(huì)闡述說(shuō)不要用字典里不存在的單詞。(不管是在寫(xiě)什么)。

Dictionaries follow the language. A new word appears; people begin to use that word more and more; it shows up consistently in edited prose; we eventually enter it into the dictionary. If writers are supposed to avoid words that aren’t entered into the dictionary, then the whole process falls apart at the third step.

字典是追隨著語(yǔ)言的。新詞出現(xiàn)了，人們用的越來(lái)越多了，它在編選的散文中一直出現(xiàn)著，新單詞才被收錄進(jìn)字典。如果作者們都避免用字典里沒(méi)有的單詞，那么這整個(gè)過(guò)程在第三步時(shí)就崩塌了。

In short, keep your audience in mind, but certainly use words that aren’t in the dictionary. We like reading them as much as we like collecting them.

簡(jiǎn)言之，我們要把讀者放在心里，但我們肯定是要用到字典里沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞。我們喜歡閱讀且收集它們。