英語中狀語從句體現(xiàn)了從句和主句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,它具體可以分為9種:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、讓步、原因、結(jié)果、目的、比較和方式狀語。其中,狀語從句的翻譯方法,總的來說遵循三點(diǎn)主要原則:
①連詞能省則省,只要能把意思說清楚,盡量不使用連詞。
②如果條件或讓步狀語從句在整句中語氣較弱,可以把主句譯在前面,從句譯在后面。
③狀語從句的位置可以靈活變動(dòng),以便使譯文更流暢。
④種類的判斷主要依賴于連詞語義的判斷。
下面,我們就通過幾個(gè)例子分析一下狀語從句在考試中出現(xiàn)的形式。
1. While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development。
本句中包含一個(gè)While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,formal learning是主語,謂語是is transmitted,過去分詞selected作teachers的后置定語,是不定式to perform this role作selected的目的狀語;主句中,informal learning是主語,謂語是is acquired,介詞短語as a natural part of a child's development作acquired的結(jié)果狀語。
參考譯文:盡管正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程是由挑選出來擔(dān)當(dāng)此角色的教師來進(jìn)行的,非正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程卻是作為孩子成長的自然一部分而完成的。
2. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is。
該句可拆分為三大部分;(White it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, ) (it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable,) (although competition is. ),第一部分是While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句,第三部分是although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;第一部分的主語是山指代后面的that從句,實(shí)際上,While it is true that已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu),參見知識鏈接,that從句的主語是this competition,謂語是may induce,賓語是efforts,不定式to expand territory作efforts的后置定語,at the expense of others作expand的狀語;and之后的lead to是謂語,與前面的induce并列,conflict是賓語;主句中的主語是it,指代后面的that從句,該從句的主語是conflict,謂語動(dòng)詞是is,表語是inevitable,復(fù)合形容詞war-like作conflict的定語,among other nations作conflict的后置定語;第三部分although從句的主語是competition,謂語是is,表語是inevitable,承前省略了。該句的第二部分,即主句運(yùn)用了被動(dòng)語態(tài),在翻譯時(shí)要譯為漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài),這是常用的一條原則,因?yàn)橛⑽亩啾粍?dòng),漢語多主動(dòng)。
參考譯文:雖然這種競爭會(huì)引發(fā)以他人利益為代價(jià)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張行動(dòng),因此也會(huì)引發(fā)沖突,但卻不能認(rèn)為類似于戰(zhàn)爭的國家間的沖突不可避免,盡管競爭是不可避免的。
3. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case。
該句可拆分為兩部分:(While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed,) (this need not always be the case. ),第一部分是While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,it是形式主語,指代后面的that從句,While it is true that已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu),參見知識鏈接,that從句主語是the Internet,謂語是seems,不定式to be。作表語,介詞短語over the less developed作favoring的狀語;主句比較簡單,主語是this,指代從句內(nèi)容,謂語是need not always be,表語是the case。
參考譯文: 盡管迄今為止互聯(lián)網(wǎng)似乎更加青睞國際社會(huì)中的發(fā)達(dá)領(lǐng)域,而非不太發(fā)達(dá)的領(lǐng)域,情形并不總是如此。