英語世界文摘:“Pandemic: How To Prevent An Outbreak”

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“Pandemic: How To Prevent An Outbreak”

《流行?。喝绾晤A(yù)防流感大暴發(fā)》

By Rick Ellis

文/里克·埃利斯

When you are trying to decide the best time to release a TV series, it can be better to be lucky than smart. That certainly seems to be the case for Netflix, which released this new six-episode documentary about the dangers of pandemics the same week that China seems to be undergoing an outbreak of the Coronavirus. And if you’re looking for a complete guide to all of the horrors that might be headed our way, “Pandemic: How To Prevent An Out-break” is an entertaining and informative look at how viruses spread and the efforts being made around the globe to lessen the impacts of infectious disease.

選定電視劇首播的最佳時(shí)機(jī)，這恐怕更多靠運(yùn)氣，而不是精明。對于奈飛公司來說，情況絕對如此。該公司正巧趕上新型冠狀病毒在中國暴發(fā)的同一周播出了這套有關(guān)流行病之危險(xiǎn)的六集紀(jì)錄片。假如你正在尋找一個(gè)完整的指南，以搞清在前方等著你的恐怖都有哪些，那么《流行?。喝绾晤A(yù)防流感大暴發(fā)》就是既好看又有信息含量的選擇，你可以了解病毒的傳播方式，以及全世界正在做哪些努力來降低傳染病的影響。

Pandemic begins with a search in a suspected mass grave site in Butler County, Pennsylvania that contains victims of the 1918 Spanish Flu. In an era before air travel, that pandemic killed at least 50 million people worldwide and it’s the event that drives a lot of the relentless efforts of scientists to simultaneously work towards more effective vaccines and ways the spread of a mass outbreak can be slowed. One scientist warns that it’s only a matter of time until a new deadly pandemic surfaces and given the interconnected world we live in, a new outbreak could kill hundreds of millions of people.

《流行病》開篇伊始就探尋了位于美國賓夕法尼亞州巴特勒縣一個(gè)懷疑是集體墓地的地方。那里埋葬了死于 1918 年西班牙流感的人。在航空旅行到來前的時(shí)代，這場流行病在全球范圍內(nèi)奪走了至少 5000 萬人的生命。正是這場流行病驅(qū)使科學(xué)家們持續(xù)不斷地努力，既要研發(fā)出更見效的疫苗，又要研究如何延緩傳染病的大規(guī)模暴發(fā)。有位科學(xué)家警告說，出現(xiàn)一種新型的致命流行病只是時(shí)間問題，而考慮到我們生活在這個(gè)相互聯(lián)通的世界，一旦傳染病暴發(fā)就能殺死數(shù)以億計(jì)的人口。

We tend to think of the flu as more of an inconvenience than anything else in the United States, although we know in the abstract that it can kill people. But the flu actually kills 700,000 people or so globally each year. Most of the deaths are preventable, if patients had access to the flu vaccine & quality healthcare that could intervene early enough in the illness to prevent a more severe outcome. And one strand of the stories interwoven in Pandemic is concerned with the issue of providing adequate healthcare. The urban hospital in India that generally doesn’t get patients from rural areas until they are near death. The small county hospital in Oklahoma that has a one doctor working 72-hours shifts and has been close to shutting down in recent years. Those stories are scary but probably aren’t a surprise, given the lack of health care resources in smaller communities.

我們往往認(rèn)為，在美國，流感不過就是多點(diǎn)兒麻煩，雖然我們知道理論上它能要人命。但是，實(shí)際上流感每年都致使全球約 70 萬人死亡。大多數(shù)的死亡病例是可以避免的，假如病人提前注射過流感疫苗或者有良好的醫(yī)療護(hù)理，能夠在疾病早期進(jìn)行干預(yù)，就能避免更嚴(yán)重的后果。貫穿《流行病》的主題之一，就是提供充足的醫(yī)療護(hù)理的問題。印度城市中的醫(yī)院通常不接受鄉(xiāng)下來的病人，除非他們已經(jīng)瀕臨死亡。美國俄克拉何馬州的小型縣級醫(yī)院里，一名醫(yī)生工作 72 個(gè)小時(shí)才換班，而且近年來基本接近閉門關(guān)張的狀態(tài)。鑒于小型社區(qū)醫(yī)療資源匱乏，這些故事雖然嚇人，但可能并不令人意外。

But there are also plenty of warnings about what a mass outbreak would mean to large urban areas like greater New York City. One health care official notes that most hospitals in NYC are working at close to 100 percent capacity in a normal flu season. A pandemic would overwhelm the health care system within days. To say nothing of the impact an outbreak would have on everything from food supplies to burial services. In other words, no area is safe or comfortable in the midst of a widespread viral outbreak. So the most effective approach is to stop the spread of the virus before it becomes a major pandemic.

但是，對于大紐約市這樣的大型城市區(qū)域傳染病大暴發(fā)的后果，紀(jì)錄片也給出了不少的警告。一位醫(yī)療官員提到，紐約市的大多數(shù)醫(yī)院在正常的流感季節(jié)都將近 100% 全負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。一旦傳染病大暴發(fā)，會在數(shù)日之內(nèi)擊垮醫(yī)療體系。更不用提大暴發(fā)還會影響從食品供應(yīng)到喪葬服務(wù)等的各行各業(yè)。換言之，一旦病毒大規(guī)模暴發(fā)，沒有哪個(gè)區(qū)域會是安全舒適的。所以最有效的方法是，在大暴發(fā)之前就阻斷病毒的傳播。

Pandemic also introduces viewers to some of the scientists working towards the Holy Grail of viral immunology: a vaccine that would prevent transmissions of a wide range of viruses. This would not only make the current somewhat ineffective flu shots a thing of the past, it would also hopefully make it possible to prevent the next pandemic. The documentary follows one small bio start-up which is in the midst of animal trials on a possible universal vaccine. It appears to work, but requires a series of seven shots. The scientists struggle to bring down that number of required shots, while bootstrapping animal trials with their own money. At one point, they head to Guatemala to do tests on pigs, in hopes of getting results positive enough to allow them to move to human trials.

《流行病》還介紹觀眾認(rèn)識了幾位科學(xué)家，他們正在努力追尋病毒免疫學(xué)的圣杯：一 種能夠阻斷多種病毒傳播的疫苗。如果成功，不僅能夠結(jié)束目前的流感疫苗不夠見效的歷史，還很有希望預(yù)防下一次的流行病。紀(jì)錄片跟蹤了一個(gè)小型生物醫(yī)藥創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，該公司在研發(fā)一種通用疫苗，目前正進(jìn)行動物實(shí)驗(yàn)。疫苗似乎有用，但需要連續(xù)注射七針?？蒲腥藛T努力想把額定注射次數(shù)降下來，同時(shí)自掏腰包勉力進(jìn)行動物實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們一度前往危地馬拉，在豬身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)，以期得到足夠積極的結(jié)果去申請進(jìn)行人體實(shí)驗(yàn)的許可。

But mixed in with all the hard work and optimism is the growing movement of people unwilling for whatever reason to get vaccinated. From guerrillas in the Congo who are convinced an Ebola vaccine is actually giving people the disease to Oregon anti-vaxers who see requiring immunizations as a consent issue, a fear of traditional medicine is hampering efforts to slow the progress of the flu and other viral diseases. One Oregon mom says she believes her children don’t need to be vaccinated if they are simply given healthy foods and live a clean lifestyle. Hearing her talk about immunizations makes me wonder how these anti-vaccination supporters will respond during a pandemic in which health care workers are offering a preventive vaccine.

但是，在所有這些辛勤工作和樂觀態(tài)度之外還存在不同意見：無論怎樣都不愿意接受疫苗注射的人數(shù)在增多。剛果的游擊隊(duì)員堅(jiān)信埃博拉疫苗其實(shí)才是造成人們患病的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?，美國俄勒岡州的反疫苗者要求孩子接種疫苗必須家長同意，這些事例都說明對傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)的恐懼正在妨礙那些減緩流感和其他病毒疾病傳染速度的努力。俄勒岡州的一位媽媽說，她相信，只要她的孩子能吃到健康的食品、有著衛(wèi)生的生活習(xí)慣，就不需要接種疫苗。聽到她這么談?wù)撘呙缃臃N，我不禁想知道如果傳染病大暴發(fā)而醫(yī)療工作者研制出了預(yù)防性疫苗，這些反疫苗支持者將會如何反應(yīng)？

That tension between science and emotion, hope and despair is ultimately what makes “Pandemic: How To Prevent An Outbreak” so compelling. It’s a complex issue and one that sits at the heart of a lot of arguments being made in 2020. What are our responsibilities as a society? Are we required to get immunizations for the greater good? Is it worth spending money in anticipation of a pandemic that might not take place for 50 or 100 years? After watching the series, I’m not sure I have the answers to those questions. But I definitely feel more qualified to know what I don’t know about pandemics.

科學(xué)與情感、希望與絕望之間的張力是使《流行病：如何預(yù)防流感大暴發(fā)》如此扣人心弦的終極原因。這是個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題，而且是 2020 年諸多討論的核心問題。作為一個(gè)社會，我們的責(zé)任是什么？要求我們接種疫苗是為了更多人利益嗎？為了預(yù)防一個(gè)可能在 50 年或者 100 年內(nèi)都不會發(fā)生的流行病花費(fèi)金錢是否值得？在看完這個(gè)系列紀(jì)錄片之后，我不確定能回答這些問題。但我確實(shí)覺得自己能更好地了解那些我不知道的關(guān)于流行病的事。