人造甜味劑對(duì)你的身體有什么作用

人造甜味劑對(duì)你的身體有什么作用

A comprehensive review of 56 studies on the effects of artificial sweeteners showed there are no real health benefits to consuming non-sugar sweeteners compared to real sugar. A team of European researchers analyzed the studies in a variety of areas: weight, blood sugar control, oral health, cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, behavior and mood. There were no significant advantages in any area for those who consumed artificial sweeteners.

對(duì)56項(xiàng)有關(guān)人造甜味劑影響的研究進(jìn)行的全面綜述顯示，與真正的糖相比，食用非糖甜味劑并沒有真正的健康益處。一組歐洲研究人員分析了不同領(lǐng)域的研究:體重、血糖控制、口腔健康、癌癥、心血管疾病、腎病、行為和情緒。對(duì)于那些食用人工甜味劑的人來說，在任何方面都沒有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Not all sweeteners are built the same. (Photo: Gayvoronskaya_Yana/Shutterstock.com)

It's not just that artificial sweeteners have no real health benefits; they can cause harm.

人工甜味劑不僅沒有真正的健康益處;它們會(huì)造成傷害。

The study followed more than 80,000 postmenopausal women and discovered that those who drank two or more beverages every day had a 29 percent higher risk of heart attack, 31 percent higher risk of blood-clot stroke and were 16 percent more likely to die a premature death compared to women who only drank once or week or not at all. The researchers warned that the study doesn't show cause and effect because there is no way to tell if a specific type of artificial sweetener or drink caused the spike in health problems or if it just exacerbated pre-existing health conditions.

研究了超過80000名絕經(jīng)后婦女,發(fā)現(xiàn)那些每天飲用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的飲料心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高了29%,血凝塊中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高31%,研究人員警告說，這項(xiàng)研究沒有顯示出因果關(guān)系，因?yàn)槲覀儫o法判斷是某種特定類型的人工甜味劑或飲料導(dǎo)致了健康問題的激增，還是只是加劇了先前的健康狀況。

So it makes sense to reduce your consumption of soft drinks — but that's not necessarily an easy task.

因此減少軟飲料的消費(fèi)是有意義的——但這并不一定是一件容易的事情。

Quickly affects your gut bacteria

快速影響你的腸道細(xì)菌

The bacteria in your gut plays a role in a wide range of health issues. (Photo: T.L. Furrer/Shutterstock)

When scientists manipulated the gut bacteria in the mice's stomachs and killed most of it off, they found that the glucose intolerance disappeared.

當(dāng)科學(xué)家們操縱小鼠胃里的腸道細(xì)菌并殺死大部分細(xì)菌時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄糖耐受性消失了。

Based on what they found in mice, scientists conducted a small trial on humans that measured the gut bacteria of healthy people who consumed artificial sweeteners. They found that after just one week, participants started showing glucose intolerance and their gut bacteria composition had changed.

基于他們?cè)诶鲜笊砩系陌l(fā)現(xiàn)，科學(xué)家們?cè)谌祟惿砩线M(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)小型試驗(yàn)，測(cè)量了食用人工甜味劑的健康人的腸道細(xì)菌。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，僅僅一周后，參與者就開始出現(xiàn)葡萄糖耐受不良，他們的腸道細(xì)菌組成也發(fā)生了變化。

Do artificial sweeteners make us fat?

人造甜味劑會(huì)使我們發(fā)胖嗎?

Artificial sweeteners may not be giving you an edge. (Photo: melissamn/Shutterstock.com)

No sugar and fewer calories make artificial sweeteners an attractive choice for those looking to keep the sweet taste but lose the pounds. A study presented at ENDO 2017, the Endocrine Society's annual conference in April, demonstrated that some sweeteners encourage the accumulation of fat, particularly among the already obese.

沒有糖和更少的卡路里使得人造甜味劑對(duì)那些想要保持甜味但又想減肥的人來說是一個(gè)有吸引力的選擇。在內(nèi)分泌學(xué)會(huì)(內(nèi)分泌學(xué)會(huì))2017年4月的年會(huì)上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究表明，一些甜味劑會(huì)促進(jìn)脂肪的積累，尤其是在已經(jīng)肥胖的人群中。

Based on these results, a second experiment was conducted, this time using biopsy samples of abdominal fat from those who consumed primarily sucralose. Four of the people were obese and four were a healthy weight. The first group demonstrated a higher increase in sugar (glucose) transport into cells and an overexpression of fat-producing genes compared to those at a healthy weight. Additionally, the first group's sweet taste receptions were 2.5-fold higher than those who didn't consume sweetners. The abundance of such receptions may play a part in allow glucose to center the cells.

基于這些結(jié)果，我們進(jìn)行了第二次實(shí)驗(yàn)，這次使用的是那些主要食用三氯蔗糖的人腹部脂肪的活檢樣本。其中4人肥胖，4人體重正常。與正常體重的小鼠相比，第一組小鼠體內(nèi)的糖(葡萄糖)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)增加較多，產(chǎn)生脂肪的基因也有過表達(dá)。此外，第一組對(duì)甜味的接受程度比不吃甜食的人高出2.5倍。這類受體的豐富程度可能在允許葡萄糖以細(xì)胞為中心的過程中發(fā)揮了一定作用。

A more recent review of the scientific evidence on artificial sweeteners concluded that there is no clear evidence that they help people manage their weight.

最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于人造甜味劑的科學(xué)證據(jù)綜述得出結(jié)論，沒有明確的證據(jù)表明它們能幫助人們控制體重。

Diet sodas and stroke and dementia

無糖汽水與中風(fēng)和癡呆的關(guān)系

Instead of drinking diet soda, try drinking water that's naturally flavored with fruit. (Photo: Markus Mainka/Shutterstock.com)

An April 2017 study found a link between diet sodas and a higher risk of stroke and dementia. The research didn't show a direct cause-and-effect relationship, only causation, and the researchers point out that the study had many limitations. Yet, because people who drank diet soda every day were almost three times as likely to develop stroke and dementia, researchers suggest that they may not be the healthiest alternative. The study was published in the American Heart Association's journal Stroke.

2017年4月的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，無糖汽水與中風(fēng)和癡呆癥的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。這項(xiàng)研究沒有顯示出直接的因果關(guān)系，只有因果關(guān)系，研究人員指出這項(xiàng)研究有很多局限性。然而，由于每天喝無糖汽水的人患中風(fēng)和癡呆的幾率幾乎是其他人的三倍，研究人員表示，無糖汽水可能不是最健康的選擇。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)的《中風(fēng)》雜志上。