中國二胎媽媽們的新態(tài)度

In the fog-wrapped city of Yichang on the Yangtze in the shadow of the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, Wan Xindi is triumphant as she cares for her new baby daughter. Her second child is healthy and cute, but Wan is most proud of how she came into the world: the old-fashioned way.

宜昌位于長江畔，緊挨著全世界最大的水電站大壩。在這座時常霧氣彌漫的城市里，萬歆笛照料著剛出生的女兒，心中充滿勝利的喜悅。這是她的第二個孩子，小女兒健康可愛，但最讓她自豪的是女兒來到這個世界的方式——古老的自然分娩。

A natural birth is in itself an accomplishment in China, where caesarean section rates were, until a few years ago, the highest in the world. Wan was one of the many Chinese women who underwent a medically unnecessary C-section when her first baby arrived. During her second pregnancy, the 25-year-old went to every hospital in Yichang, determined to find a doctor willing to allow her to attempt a vaginal delivery. In the process, she became a foot soldier in the battle to wean China off its addiction to C-sections.

在中國，自然分娩本身就是了不起的成就，幾年前中國的剖腹產(chǎn)率還是世界最高的。與許多中國婦女一樣，萬歆笛在第一個寶寶降生時經(jīng)歷了一場醫(yī)療上不必要的剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù)。在懷二胎期間，25歲的萬歆笛走遍了宜昌每一家醫(yī)院，決心要找到一位愿意讓她嘗試順產(chǎn)的醫(yī)生。在此過程中，她成了中國戒斷“剖腹產(chǎn)執(zhí)念”大戰(zhàn)里的一名戰(zhàn)士。

“We think of ourselves as tunnel fighters or guerrillas. We find all kinds of ways to make it happen,” she says. Her weapon of choice: the smartphone.

她說：“我們覺得自己好像地道戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)士或游擊隊員。為了能順產(chǎn)，我們找了各種方法。”她首選的武器是智能手機(jī)。

China’s decision in 2013 to allow most couples to have two children has involved undoing social practices entrenched over 35 years of the one-child policy. One of those is the preference for C-sections that are not needed for any medical reason.

2013年，中國決定允許多數(shù)夫婦生二胎，這需要改變許多在35年獨生子女政策下牢固確立起來的社會慣例，其中之一就是在沒有任何醫(yī)療需要的情況下，對剖腹產(chǎn)的偏好。

All else being equal, C-sections involve a slightly higher risk to the mother than natural births. They also increase the possibility of life-threatening complications in future pregnancies, including rupture of the uterus or abnormal attachment of the placenta. These risks become a national problem when nearly half of women approaching their second labour have had a C-section during their first.

在其他條件都相同的情況下，剖腹產(chǎn)對產(chǎn)婦的風(fēng)險略高于自然分娩。剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù)還增加了未來懷孕出現(xiàn)致命并發(fā)癥的可能性，包括子宮破裂或胎盤異常附著。在近一半準(zhǔn)備生二胎的女性頭胎都是剖腹產(chǎn)的情況下，這些風(fēng)險就變成了一個舉國問題。

In the first half of this year already, the number of maternal deaths has climbed by nearly one-third compared with last year. “This is due to the second-child policy,” says Mao Qun’an, a spokesman for the National Health and Family Planning Commission. “We are promoting the idea that women need to consider that if they choose C-sections for their first birth it could affect their second pregnancy.”

今年上半年，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡人數(shù)比去年同期增加了近三分之一。國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會新聞發(fā)言人毛群安表示：“這是二孩政策導(dǎo)致的。我們正在推廣一個理念，女性需要去考慮，如果她們頭胎選擇剖宮產(chǎn)，可能會影響她們第二次懷孕。”

“It’s very dangerous,” says Pang Ruyan, vice-president of the Chinese Maternal and Child Health Association, which argues against C-sections in the Chinese system and advocates a greater role for midwives to assist with natural births. “The only reason the rate of C-sections is so high is because people expected to only have one child. They didn’t need to think about having another, or the risk of ruptures.”

中國婦幼保健協(xié)會副會長龐汝彥表示：“這是很危險的。”該協(xié)會反對中國醫(yī)療體系中剖腹產(chǎn)泛濫的現(xiàn)象，主張助產(chǎn)士發(fā)揮更大作用，幫助產(chǎn)婦自然分娩。“剖腹產(chǎn)率如此之高的唯一原因就是人們預(yù)期只生一個孩子。他們不需要考慮再生一個，也就無需考慮子宮破裂的風(fēng)險。”

The World Health Organisation puts the optimal C-section rate for the health of mothers and babies at between 10 and 15 per cent. In the US, with its lawsuit-prone system geared towards medical intervention, the rate is 33 per cent. In the UK, it is 24 per cent. In China, the rate had reached 46 per cent by 2008 before health officials realised the extent of the problem. Some urban hospitals delivered more than 70 per cent of babies by C-section until the government began to stem the practice about four years ago.

世界衛(wèi)生組織(WTO)認(rèn)為從母嬰健康角度來說最適宜的剖腹產(chǎn)率在10%到15%之間。美國醫(yī)療體系訴訟多發(fā)，為醫(yī)療干預(yù)提供了土壤，其剖腹產(chǎn)率為33%;英國為24%。中國剖腹產(chǎn)率在2008年達(dá)到46%，隨后衛(wèi)生官員意識到了這個問題的嚴(yán)重性。有些城市醫(yī)院接生嬰兒70%以上是剖腹產(chǎn)，直到四年前政府開始遏制這種現(xiàn)象。

As China prepares for an increase in second births, the health system is moving away from C-sections. In the spirit of the planned economy, public hospitals have been given C-section quotas. Doctors — some of whom have never attended at a vaginal delivery — are being given crash courses in natural birth or are being retrained in surgical techniques to reduce the risks in future pregnancies.

隨著中國準(zhǔn)備增加二胎，其醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)正逐漸減少剖腹產(chǎn)。遵循計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)精神，公立醫(yī)院被限定了剖腹產(chǎn)指標(biāo)。醫(yī)生們被要求上自然分娩速成班——其中許多醫(yī)生從沒參與過自然分娩——或者進(jìn)修外科技術(shù)，以降低產(chǎn)婦未來懷孕要面對的風(fēng)險。

China’s official C-section rate has dropped to 35 per cent, and the health ministry has embarked on an unusual attempt to change public perceptions in favour of natural birth. Efforts to re-educate Chinese mothers range from online classes and smartphone information apps featuring healthy pink infants, to gory videos of C-sections that go viral on Mother’s Day.

中國官方公布的剖腹產(chǎn)率已下降到35%，衛(wèi)生部也開展了一項不尋常的行動，力求讓公眾轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，支持自然分娩。他們采取多項舉措對中國媽媽們進(jìn)行再教育，包括網(wǎng)上課堂，和主推健康粉嫩嬰兒的智能手機(jī)信息應(yīng)用;或是在母親節(jié)推廣血淋淋的剖腹產(chǎn)視頻。

The second front in the battle to wean China off C-sections is being led by women like Wan. Some mothers like her who have already had a C-section have decided to attempt vaginal delivery the second time around (known as a “vaginal birth after caesarean”, or VBAC). This option carries its own risks: the first scar can rupture during the birth.

戒斷“剖腹產(chǎn)執(zhí)念”大作戰(zhàn)的第二陣線由萬歆笛等女性充當(dāng)主力。她們這些做過剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù)的媽媽們決定在生二胎時采用順產(chǎn)，即“剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道分娩”(VBAC)。這種選擇自有其風(fēng)險，第一次剖腹產(chǎn)留下的疤痕可能會在分娩時破裂。

Their inspiration and support come from a stocky professional midwife in her 50s named Zhang Hongyu, an agony aunt for women in China hoping to take control of how their babies are born. From her home in the southern island province of Hainan, Dr Zhang maintains smartphone apps that extol the benefits of natural birth. She hosts forums — online and on the ubiquitous Chinese social-networking app WeChat — that buzz with discussions between hundreds of expectant mothers. Some women text for help and advice straight from the delivery room. “A lot of people are not very clear about this natural process,” Dr Zhang says.

而給予她們鼓舞、支持的是一位五十多歲、胖乎乎的專業(yè)助產(chǎn)士，她的名字叫張宏玉。對于這些渴望掌握自己寶寶出生方式的中國女性來說，她就是她們的知心大姐。張宏玉家在海南省，她在家維護(hù)著多個智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用，宣傳自然分娩的好處。她在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和微信——中國無處不在的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用——上主持了多個論壇，數(shù)百名準(zhǔn)媽媽們在這些論壇上討論得熱火朝天。有些婦女甚至直接從產(chǎn)房發(fā)信息求助咨詢。張宏玉說：“很多人對自然分娩過程不是很清楚。”

In the chatrooms, converted mothers like Wan jump in to answer the concerns of novices to natural birth. “I learnt so much in all these online classes, I feel I should share it. Some of the mothers, they don’t bother to research much,” she says.

在聊天群里，像萬歆笛這樣已轉(zhuǎn)變觀念的媽媽們會親身上陣，為沒有經(jīng)驗的女性解答關(guān)于自然分娩的問題。她說：“我在這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂上獲益匪淺，我覺得我應(yīng)該把知識分享。有些媽媽懶得做太多研究。”

Wan’s own quest for a VBAC was followed avidly by the group. “I’m not going to livestream,” she told her followers the day she checked into the hospital. She nonetheless proceeded to text updates. “The pain is bearable,” read one. “They were all waiting to see if I could do it. I’ve inspired a lot of them,” she says.

萬歆笛對VBAC的追求在群里受到熱烈關(guān)注。她住進(jìn)醫(yī)院的當(dāng)日對關(guān)注者們表示：“我可不會直播啊。”不過她仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)行文字更新，其中一條寫道：“這個疼受得了。”她說：“她們都等著看我能不能做到。我激勵了她們很多人。”

Why do so many Chinese women choose C-sections? Doctors blame the families. New parents and, critically, grandparents, will do anything to make sure their one baby is perfect, including selecting the right day and even hour for an auspicious birth. Older people believe that young women brought up as single children are too pampered to bear pain. For years, C-sections have been marketed as high-tech and pain-free, with no mention of discomfort after the operation or the risk to future pregnancies.

為什么這么多中國女性會選擇剖腹產(chǎn)?醫(yī)生們歸咎于家庭。新手父母們，更關(guān)鍵的是祖父母們，愿意做一切事以確保他們的獨苗是完美的，包括為孩子的問世選擇良辰吉日。老人們認(rèn)為作為獨生子女長大的年輕女性太嬌慣，吃不得苦。剖腹產(chǎn)多年來一直被標(biāo)榜為高科技、無痛手術(shù)，卻只字不提術(shù)后的不適以及未來懷孕會遇到的風(fēng)險。

“When people only have one child they are overly worried,” says Dr Zhang. “They are worried about loss of oxygen; they want to hurry up and get it out and have their healthy baby. Plus they think surgery is simple and fast.”

張宏玉說：“當(dāng)人們只會有一個孩子時，他們會過于擔(dān)心。他們擔(dān)心缺氧，他們想孩子快點出生，得到一個健康的寶寶。他們還認(rèn)為手術(shù)是簡單快捷的。”

Women like Wan argue that not-so-subtle pressures from doctors scare women (or their husbands and in-laws) into asking for medically unnecessary C-sections. “The doctors always tell you the worst-case scenarios. First-time mothers always listen to the doctors,” she says. “Second-time mothers are much more confident.”

萬歆笛等女性認(rèn)為是醫(yī)生們較為露骨的施壓，嚇得婦女們(或她們的丈夫和婆家人)在沒有醫(yī)療需要的情況下要求剖腹產(chǎn)。萬歆笛說：“醫(yī)生總是告訴你最壞的情況。頭胎媽媽總是會聽醫(yī)生的。二胎媽媽就有信心得多。”

For overcrowded urban hospitals, the financial incentives are clear. In Yichang, a natural birth costs about Rmb3,000 ($450) and requires a nurse or midwife’s attention for several hours. A C-section costs up to Rmb11,000 and only takes up about 30 minutes of the doctor’s time, providing a much more attractive revenue stream. Surgeries also yield a larger hongbao (a gift packet) from grateful families. Unscrupulous doctors can pad out revenues further by making quicker (but harder to heal) vertical incisions, charging per suture to close the wound or adding extra fees to remove gauze or stitches.

在人滿為患的城市醫(yī)院，經(jīng)濟(jì)動機(jī)是明顯的。在宜昌，順產(chǎn)費用約為3000元人民幣(合450美元)，且需要一名護(hù)士或助產(chǎn)士照顧幾個小時。剖腹產(chǎn)的費用可高達(dá)1.1萬元人民幣，且只占用醫(yī)生半個小時左右，提供了一個更有吸引力的收入來源。感恩戴德的家庭還會給大夫包上一個大紅包。無良醫(yī)生賺錢門路更多，他們可以采用更快的豎切(但更難愈合)手術(shù)，對每根縫合線都收費，又在拆紗布或拆線時另收費。

In the 1980s, hospital births were the privilege of China’s urban citizens. Women in rural areas had their babies at home and went to hospital for abortions or sterilisations after out-of-plan pregnancies. But by the 2000s, as migration to cities accelerated, the vast majority of Chinese women gave birth in hospital. It is no coincidence C-section rates rose steeply at the same time.

上世紀(jì)八十年代，去醫(yī)院生產(chǎn)是城里人的特權(quán)。農(nóng)村婦女在家生孩子，只有在計劃外懷孕后需要墮胎或絕育時才去醫(yī)院。但進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，隨著人口向城市遷移速度加快，絕大多數(shù)中國婦女都在醫(yī)院分娩。同時剖腹產(chǎn)率自然也就急劇上升。

The relaxation of the one-child policy has revealed a disturbing downside to entrusting the future of the nation to the knives of surgeons in a hurry. Unofficial statistics for Beijing show a rate of complications in pregnancies after C-sections of about 10 per cent.

一孩政策的放寬暴露出了將國家的未來匆忙交到外科醫(yī)生手術(shù)刀下的弊端。據(jù)北京市非官方統(tǒng)計顯示，剖腹產(chǎn)后懷孕并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率約為10%。

“Families, mothers, doctors all need to think differently,” says Dr Pang, who co-authored the 2008 study in The Lancet medical journal that detailed, for the first time, the extent of China’s C-section problem. With the protection of a long career at the WHO — and the blessing of the health ministry — she released it to the state television broadcaster, triggering a national discussion of the problem.

龐汝彥說：“家庭、母親、醫(yī)生都需要轉(zhuǎn)變想法。”她是醫(yī)學(xué)雜志《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)上2008年一篇調(diào)查報告的合著者，該調(diào)查首次詳細(xì)披露了中國剖腹產(chǎn)問題的嚴(yán)重程度。憑借在世衛(wèi)組織的長期職業(yè)生涯，以及中國衛(wèi)生部的支持，龐汝彥將這一調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)布給了國家電視臺，引發(fā)了一場對該問題的全國討論。

New public messaging in favour of natural birth has found a receptive audience at Beijing’s main maternity hospital, where up to 1,500 babies are born each month. Heavily pregnant women stream through the doors. One day in May, every expectant mother who stopped for a chat agreed she would prefer a natural birth — a switch in attitudes from just a few years ago.

支持自然分娩的新輿論宣傳在北京主要婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院找到了受眾，這里每月新生嬰兒最多能達(dá)到1500名。挺著大肚子的孕婦們川流不息地走入醫(yī)院大門。5月的一天，每一位駐足接受簡短采訪的準(zhǔn)媽媽都表示傾向自然分娩。僅僅幾年時間，人們的態(tài)度就發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。

But altering public opinion is one thing; changing hospital procedure is another. In China, as in the US, institutional factors such as doctors’ pay structure and hospital protocols keep C-section rates high.

但改變輿論是一回事，改變醫(yī)院程序是另一回事。中國與美國一樣，由于醫(yī)生薪酬結(jié)構(gòu)以及醫(yī)院治療方案等制度因素，剖腹產(chǎn)率居高不下。

In bigger cities, epidurals, known in Chinese as “no pain” births, now rival C-sections in popularity (and revenue potential). Dr Pang believes this is simply trading one interventionist approach for another: “Conditions are different here. We don’t have enough anaesthesiologists.” For that matter, she thinks VBACs are also too risky to be carried out widely in China, given the need for quick surgery and ample blood supply if labour goes wrong.

在大城市，硬膜外麻醉——在中國稱為“無痛”分娩——如今在受歡迎程度以及創(chuàng)收潛力上都能與剖腹產(chǎn)相匹敵。龐汝彥認(rèn)為這只是把一種干預(yù)主義手段換成另一種。她說：“中國的情況不同。我們沒有足夠的麻醉師。”也正是出于這一原因，她認(rèn)為在中國大范圍推廣VBAC風(fēng)險太大，因為如果分娩中出現(xiàn)問題，需要能夠快速進(jìn)行手術(shù)并保證有充足的血液供應(yīng)。

In hospitals in rural areas, where most families cannot afford C-sections, women are encouraged to walk around during labour and eat or drink for strength and hydration in line with traditional practice. Many urban hospitals forbid that. “The hospital has me lying on my back and won’t let me move!” one expectant mother told Dr Zhang’s group. Twelve hours later, denied food or water, “I ran out of energy and went for the C-section”, she texted.

在中國農(nóng)村地區(qū)，多數(shù)家庭負(fù)擔(dān)不起剖腹產(chǎn)費用，當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院鼓勵產(chǎn)婦在分娩期間四處走動，并按照傳統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)食飲水。許多城市醫(yī)院禁止這么做。一位準(zhǔn)媽媽在張宏玉的群里說：“醫(yī)院讓我仰躺著別動!”就這么干躺著12個小時，不許進(jìn)食和喝水。她寫道：“我力氣耗盡，做了剖腹產(chǎn)。”

Women who have not used the smartphone information apps only receive vague guidance at hospital birth classes. The focus is on maternal nutrition until the eighth month, when mothers-to-be are given a cursory explanation of what to expect during the birth. “Open classes are like a big rice bowl or a cafeteria — they aren’t tailored to personal needs,” Dr Zhang says.

有些婦女沒用過智能手機(jī)信息應(yīng)用，只在醫(yī)院分娩課程上接受過模糊的指導(dǎo)。這些課程向準(zhǔn)媽媽們重點介紹懷孕八個月內(nèi)的孕婦營養(yǎng)，但沒有詳細(xì)解釋分娩中可能遇到的情況。張宏玉表示：“開放式課堂就像大鍋飯或自助餐廳，不是針對個人需求而設(shè)。”

As China’s health system reverses the trends that tipped the scales towards unnecessary C-sections, advocacy by determined mothers like Wan could help make reforms stick. “You have to inform yourself,” she says. “If the doctors see that you know what you are talking about, they respect you and give you the information you need.”

]隨著中國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)著手扭轉(zhuǎn)這股偏好不必要剖腹產(chǎn)的趨勢，萬歆笛這些意志堅定的媽媽們所做的努力或許有助于堅定這一改革。她說：“你必須自己去了解信息。如果醫(yī)生看出你知道自己在說什么，他們會尊重你，把你需要的信息告訴你。”

Additional reporting by Luna Lin Luna Lin

補(bǔ)充報道

With wealth comes improved health

財富改善健康

China has achieved notable success in the past 15 years in improving maternal health and bringing down its child mortality rates — two of the eight Millennium Development Goals that the UN established in 2000. Its high population means such gains in China translate into survival for hundreds of thousands of women and children.

過去十五年里，中國在改善孕婦健康和降低兒童死亡率——聯(lián)合國在2000年確立的八大“千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)”(Millennium Development Goals)中的兩點——方面取得了顯著成功。中國龐大的人口意味著這一成就相當(dāng)于挽救了幾十萬名婦女兒童的生命。

That success is partly a result of the country’s rapid increase in wealth, which has led to improvements in nutrition for pregnant women and babies. The state has also been able to invest more in medical care, including prenatal check-ups and neonatal intensive care units.

這一成就部分源于中國財富迅速增長，從而改善了孕婦和嬰兒的營養(yǎng)狀況。同時政府也有能力加大醫(yī)療保健方面的投資，包括產(chǎn)前檢查和新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房。

“Before, some babies were simply not treated because of family poverty. But now fewer and fewer are left untreated, because parents have health insurance and the state has more resources,” says Dr Liu Cuiqing, head of the neonatal unit at Hebei Provincial Children’s hospital in Shijiazhuang. “But that puts more pressure on us, given the shortage of doctors, because to treat babies with serious conditions requires more work, more equipment and more time.”

河北省兒童醫(yī)院新生兒科負(fù)責(zé)人劉翠青醫(yī)生表示：“以前一些病重的孩子由于家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難放棄治療了，現(xiàn)在有了醫(yī)療保險，部分醫(yī)療費用由政府負(fù)擔(dān)，放棄治療的越來越少了。但是對于目前兒科醫(yī)生短缺的我們來講，壓力很大，因為救治危重病孩需要做更多的工作和需要更多更好的醫(yī)療設(shè)備以及更長的時間。”

There are also darker explanations behind the shining improvements in the statistics. China’s rigid population control policies — which have been eased over the past three years to allow almost all couples to have a second child — have meant that most families would abort at any sign of irregularity in prenatal scans, to avoid a possible health problem in their only child.

統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)上閃閃發(fā)光的成績背后，也有著更陰暗的解釋。中國的剛性人口控制政策——過去三年已有所緩和，幾乎所有夫婦都獲準(zhǔn)生二胎——意味著在孕檢出任何異常跡象時，大多數(shù)家庭都會選擇中止妊娠，以避免唯一的孩子可能出現(xiàn)健康問題。

Some doctors and parents admit privately that stillborn babies, or newborns with untreatable conditions, are sometimes handed to their parents unregistered so that hospitals do not miss their targets for reducing infant mortality.

一些醫(yī)生和家長私下承認(rèn)，死產(chǎn)嬰兒或患有不治之癥的新生兒有時未經(jīng)登記就交給父母，這樣院方就可以完成降低嬰兒死亡率的目標(biāo)。