演講MP3+雙語文稿:槍支如何管控，才能避免槍擊暴力行為？

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【演講者及介紹】Diane Wolk-Rogers

Diane Wolk-Rogers 教育家，在佛羅里達州的一所公立學校當了30多年的老師。

【演講主題】一位帕克蘭教師給我們所有人留下的家庭作業(yè)

【中英文字幕】

Translated by jackie Zhang. Reviewed by psjmz mz

00:13

I teach history at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. On February 14, 2018, my school experienced one of the worst mass school shootings in American history. People want to know what we saw, what I felt. I don't remember everything, but I do remember I went into crisis mode, mother mode. There was no emotion. I lined up the kids, I held up a sign so they could follow me through the hall, just like a fire drill. I heard shots from one direction. Luckily, we were already moving in the opposite direction.

我在瑪喬里斯通曼道格拉斯中學 教歷史。在2018年2月14號，我的學校經歷了美國歷史上 最嚴重的校園槍擊事件。人們希望知道我們看見了什么，我感覺到了什么。我不記得所有事情，但是我記得我進入了危機模式，自然的母性模式。不帶任何情感。我為孩子們整隊，并舉起牌子所以他們可以跟隨我穿過走廊，就像一場消防演習。我聽到槍聲從一頭傳來。幸運的是，我們已經走到了另一頭。

01:01

We made it outside. We made it to safety. I called my mother. "I'm OK." I called my husband. "I'm OK." Then my daughter called, my voice cracked, and I knew I had to pull myself together. I sat alone in my thoughts, worried about my colleagues and students. We sat there, only understanding that somehow, Valentine's Day -- We sat there, only understanding that somehow, Valentine's Day had ended up with our babies dead, and we didn't know what to do next.

我們逃出來了。我們逃到安全的地方去了。我打電話給母親?！拔覜]事?！?我打電話給丈夫。“我沒事?！?然后我的女兒打來電話，我聲音變得嘶啞，但我知道我要恢復鎮(zhèn)定。我獨坐時陷入思考，開始擔心我的同事與學生。我們坐在那里，僅知道，情人節(jié)—— 我們坐在那里，僅知道，情人節(jié) 已經伴隨著我們寶貝們的死亡而結束了，我們不知道接下來該怎么做。

01:53

It's been two months, and every day I still hear the echoes of the "pop, pop" sound of the gunfire. I remember the fearful faces of my students when we knew it wasn't a drill. Still, there's no constant emotion, except for flashes of pain, grief and anger triggered by the news, or an insensitive comment, or just silence.

事情已經過去兩個月了，但每天我仍能聽到“砰，砰“的槍聲回響。我記得當我們知道這不是一個演習后，我的學生們懼怕的神情。然而，那里沒有不變的情感，除了被新聞、 或者一個漠然的評論、 抑或只是沉默激起的 短暫的痛苦，悲傷與憤怒。

02:27

Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School lost 17 precious lives on that horrible day. After, students asked us, the adults the hardest question: How can we stop the senseless violence? This was the most difficult question I've been asked. But it was not the first time I've been humbled by a student's question.

瑪喬里斯通曼道格拉斯中學 在那個可怕的一天 失去了17條珍貴的生命。后來，學生問了我們大人 一個最難回答的問題： 我們如何能夠阻止這樣無意義的暴力行為？ 這是我被問到的最難回答的問題。這不是我第一次被學生的問題難倒。

02:57

I've been teaching in the public schools for 33 years, so I know you have to admit what you don't know before you can share what you do know. In fact, there's a method to being an engaged student, teacher, citizen. First, listen closely to the person asking you a question. Second, admit your vulnerability. Admit what you don't know. Third, do your homework. Fourth, humbly share your knowledge.

我已經在這個公立學校教學33年了，所以我知道在分享我知道的事情前，先承認我不知道什么。事實上，有個方法去做一個積極參與的學生，老師或公民。首先，聽清楚那個人問你的問題。然后，承認你的弱點。承認你不知道的事情。再后，做功課。最后，謙遜地分享你的知識。

03:34

I know all about this process. My students ask really thoughtful questions all the time. They're eager to learn, and sometimes they're eager to prove their smarts. And believe me, they know when I have no idea of the answer, so in those instances, I say to them, "That's a great question. Let me research that and get back to you."

我知道這個方法的整個流程。我的學生總是問我深刻的問題。他們渴望學習，而且有些時候他們渴望證明他們的才智。并且相信我，他們知道 我什么時候不知道答案，所以在那些情況下，我告訴他們，“這是一個極好的問題。讓我去查一下然后回復你。”

03:58

So when my students asked, "How do we stop this senseless violence?" I listened, and then I admitted, "I don't know." And like I always do when I don't know the answer to one of my questions, I began doing my homework. And as a history teacher, I knew I needed to start with the Second Amendment and the NRA.

所以當我的學生問我，“我們如何能夠阻止這樣無意義的暴力行為？” 我聆聽，然后我承認，“我不知道。” 像往常不知道問題的答案時那樣，我開始做功課。作為一個歷史老師。我知道我應該從第二修訂案和 美國步槍協(xié)會（NRA)開始。

04:25

In case it's been a while since you've been sitting in a history class, here is what the Second Amendment actually says: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Meaning, the federal government could not infringe on the rights of citizens to participate in well-regulated militias. The Second Amendment was ratified 226 years ago. It was written in a time before the federal government's armed forces were among the most powerful in the world and when state militias were viewed as necessary to protect the states.

以防你太久沒上歷史課了，這是第二修正案 所寫： “紀律優(yōu)良之民眾武裝，乃自由邦國安全所必需，故人民持有并攜帶武器之權 不受侵犯?！?意思是，聯(lián)邦政府不可以侵犯公民 參與紀律優(yōu)良的民兵武裝的權利。第二修正案在226年之前被正式批準。它在聯(lián)邦政府的武裝力量 獨步世界之前被寫就，而當時州民兵被認為對保衛(wèi)國家十分重要。

05:10

Fast-forward 80 years, to 1871. The American Civil War had ended a few years prior, but a couple of Union officers had witnessed some pretty shoddy marksmanship on the battlefield. So in an attempt to prepare their men for any future conflicts, they founded the National Rifle Association to promote rifle practice.

讓我們把視角轉向80年后，到1871年。美國內戰(zhàn)已經結束幾年，但一些聯(lián)邦政府軍官 在戰(zhàn)場上看見了一些水平很差的射擊。所以為了訓練他們的士兵應對未來的沖突, 他們成立了美國步槍協(xié)會（NRA) 來推廣步槍訓練。

05:35

In short, the Second Amendment was written to ensure that our newly formed and fragile country had access to organized state militias. And the NRA's original mission was to ensure future soldiers had good aim.

總之，第二修正案是為了保證 我們新成立的脆弱的國家 可以組織民兵武裝。而美國步槍協(xié)會原本的宗旨是 保證未來的士兵擅長瞄準目標。

05:54

Someone could teach an entire course on how the next 150 years influenced the gun regulation conversations we're having in the United States and our interpretation of the Second Amendment. Almost every pivotal moment in our nation's history in one way or another influenced how we as a people manufacture, debate, regulate and feel about guns. A lot of change has occurred. As a matter of fact, it wasn't until 2008 that the Supreme Court ruled for the first time the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. Within the home.

關于接下來150年 美國槍支管控的討論和影響 以及我們對第二修正案的理解 可以開一個課程。我們國家?guī)缀趺總€歷史的關鍵時刻 都以某種方式 影響我們個人如何 生產、辯論、管理和評價槍支。一系列改變已經發(fā)生。事實上，直到2008年 最高法院首次規(guī)定 第二修正案保護個人擁有槍支的權利 與服役于民兵武裝無關，并將武器使用于傳統(tǒng)上的合法用途，比如在家中自我防衛(wèi)。在家中。

06:47

This change over time is striking to me, because it reminds us that the interpretation of the Second Amendment and cultural attitudes about guns have changed over time. Which gives me hope they could change again.

這個久而久之的改變引起我的注意，因為它提醒我們 對于第二修正案的理解 以及對于槍支的文化態(tài)度 在隨著時間的推移改變。這給予我它們可以再次改變的希望。

07:05

(Applause)

（掌聲）

07:14

It's an incredibly complex and dynamic history lesson, but it's not the lesson I'm here to teach today, because we don't have time. I'm not talking about time, the time that I have here to stand and speak. I'm talking about the fact we don't have time to lose. According to the CDC, over the last five years, on average, each day 96 people are killed by guns in the United States, and if we don't figure out how to answer my students' question soon, one of us could be next.

這是一個相當復雜和有創(chuàng)新思想的歷史課，但我今天講的不是這個課程，因為我們沒有時間。我說的時間 不是指站在這里的演講時間。我說的時間是指我們沒有時間去浪費。根據(jù)市民民防團（CDC), 在過去的五年里，在美國平均每天有96個人被槍殺，而且如果我們不搞清楚如何回答 我的學生們的提問，很快我們可能也是其中之一。

07:51

So, if the question is, how do we stop this senseless violence, the best way I can think to answer is to look at multiple choice. You remember multiple-choice questions in high school, don't you? Let's start.

所以，如果問題是，如何阻止這場無意義的暴力行為，我能想到的最好的回答方式是 去考慮多選項。你們想起高中時代的多選題了嗎？ 讓我們開始吧。

08:08

Choice A: this will end when we hold gun manufacturers responsible for the deadliness of their products. It might surprise you to learn that we've actually thought about this before. Between 1998 and 2000, 30 counties and cities sued gun manufacturers, saying they should make their products safer and do a better job of tracking where their products are sold. In response, manufacturers argued that they had no direct liability for how their products were used. They said the stores who sold the guns and the owners who bought them were responsible should anything bad happen. In response to this and many other lawsuits, the NRA lobbied for the passage of the PLCAA, the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act. The PLCAA passed with bipartisan support in 2005 and entrusts gun manufacturers to design guns safely, stores to sell those guns responsibly and someone to own and use the gun responsibly. And so when 17 students and faculty die at my school, no one in this chain will assume responsibility.

選項A：讓槍支生產商 承擔產品造成的死亡責任 可以阻止槍支暴力。你們可能驚訝于我們 其實以前就想過這個方法。在1998-2000年間，30個縣和城市控告槍支生產商，指責他們應該制造出更安全的產品 并更好去跟蹤他們的產品被賣到哪里。槍支生產商則回應爭辯稱 對于他們的商品如何被使用，他們沒有直接的責任。他們稱售賣槍支的商店和槍支擁有者 應該為槍支所引發(fā)的一切禍事負責。為回應這起和很多其他的訴訟，國家步槍協(xié)會為PLCAA，《合法槍械買賣保護法》的通過游說。2005年《合法槍械買賣保護法》 在兩黨的擁護下通過，賦予槍支制造商 設計安全的槍支，商店負責的售賣槍支，個人擁有并負責地使用槍支。所以當17位師生在我校死亡時，這一鏈條上沒有一個人承擔責任。

09:43

Let's take a look at another option, Choice B: this will end when we hold ourselves accountable and regulate the estimated 300 million guns available in America. Yes, voting is one of the best ways to take personal responsibility for gun violence. Making sure that our lawmakers are willing to pass commonsense gun reform is one of the most effective ways to get those 300 million guns under control. And also, gun owners can take personal initiative. If you own a gun, ask yourself: Do I have an extra gun I don't need? Could it fall into the wrong hands? Have I attended the latest training? Perhaps as a gun owner, you should also ask whether you have been taking care of your mental health? When it comes to gun violence, the mental health argument falls flat if we don't acknowledge our own personal vulnerabilities to mental illness. One in six Americans will struggle with mental illness. If we own a gun, we should be rigorously engaged in the upkeep of our emotional well-being so we don't pull a trigger in times of illness. Otherwise, we should seriously ask ourselves whether we really have the time and attention to own a gun. Perhaps for some of us it's time to lay down our arms.

所以讓我們考慮另一個選項，選項B: 我們自己負起責任 并去管理美國大約3億可用槍支，可以阻止槍支暴力。是的，投票是為槍支暴力擔負個人責任 的一個最好方式。保證立法者愿意通過常識性的槍支改革是 讓3億槍支得到控制是最有效的方式之一。而且，槍支擁有者可以采取個人主動性。如果你擁有槍支，問問你自己： 我有沒有一桿我不需要的槍支？ 它可能落入不法分子的手中嗎？ 我有沒有參加最新的訓練？ 或許作為一個槍支擁有者，你還應該問 你是否關心自己的心理健康？ 對于槍支暴力，心理健康的觀點引不起興趣。如果我們不承認我們易受心理疾病的困擾。每6個美國人就有1個掙扎于心理問題。如果我們擁有槍，我們需要嚴格地參與撫慰 我們的心理健康，這樣我們才不會在發(fā)病之時 開動扳機。抑或，我們應該認真地問我們自己，我們是否有時間和精力去擁有一支槍?；蛟S對我們中的某些人，是時候放下我們的武器。

11:21

Then we have Choice C: this will end when we do a better job of taking care of each other. Many social issues affect why people buy and use guns. Sixty-two percent of US gun fatalities between 2012 and 2016 were suicides, yet we call people maniacs and psychos, shaming them. We are creating barriers for people that need help. Why are we embarrassing each other? Let's make it easier, not harder, for people to access better mental health care. What else? Sexism, racism and poverty affect gun ownership and gun-related fatalities. On average, it's estimated that 50 women were fatally shot each month between 2010 and 2014 due to domestic violence, and women are still dying in their homes. Let's empower women and give our young boys a chance to learn how to work out their conflicts and emotions with words, not weapons. And the "Washington Post" reported that last year, nearly 1,000 people were fatally wounded by on-duty police officers. Talk to Black Lives Matter and the police union about that. We need to tackle this.

然后是選項C: 當我們能更好地關心他人時，槍支暴力能結束。人們購買或使用槍支的原因 受很多社會因素影響。2012至2016年間，62%的美國槍支死亡 是因為自殺，我們稱那些人為瘋子和精神變態(tài)者，羞辱他們，我們是在為需要幫助的人制造障礙。為什么我們要讓各自難堪？ 讓我們將獲得更好的精神健康護理 變成一件更容易而非更困難的事。還有什么？性別歧視，種族歧視和貧困影響槍支所有權 和與槍支有關的死亡。在2010到2014年之間，每月平均50名女性 因為家庭暴力 被致命地槍殺，而且今天女性還在她們的家中死亡。讓我們授予女性力量 并給我們的小男孩一個學習 怎樣用話語而非武器解決矛盾和情感的機會。華盛頓郵報報道去年，幾乎有1000個人被當值警察 致命傷害。跟“黑人的命很重要”以及警察工會聊聊，我們需要解決這個問題。

12:46

(Applause)

（掌聲）

12:53

At the end of the day, perhaps people won't feel the need to buy and use a gun when they all equally feel safe, healthy, respected and cared for.

考慮所有情況之后，或許人們將不會有購買和使用槍支的需要?；蛟S人們將不會有購買和使用槍支的需要。當他們平等地感到安全，健康，被尊重和關心。

13:10

All right, discussion time is over. It's now time to answer the question. How do we stop this senseless violence? Is it Choice A, Choice B, Choice C? Now, I know what you're all thinking. You remember that multiple-choice questions almost never end with just three possibilities. There's always that fourth, Choice D: all of the above. Maybe that's the answer here. Or maybe "all of the above" is too easy, and this is not an easy problem. It requires deep analytical thinking by all of us. So instead, I'm asking you to do your homework, write your own Choice D using supporting detail. And if you're not sure where to start, look to my students as role models. They are armed with incredible communication skills and a sense of citizenship that I find so inspiring.

好了，討論時間結束了，現(xiàn)在是時間回答這個問題。我們如何能夠阻止這樣無意義的暴力行為？ 選項A，選項B，還是選項C？ 現(xiàn)在，我知道你們在想什么。你們記得選擇題 幾乎從來不止三種可能。經常會有第四種，選項D：以上都是?；蛟S這就是答案。抑或"以上都是”太過簡單，而這不是個簡單的問題。它需要我們大家深入地分析思考。所以我想請你們當作課外作業(yè)，寫下你們自己的選項D，運用詳細依據(jù)。如果你們不確定從何開始，以我學生們作為榜樣。他們擁有非常啟發(fā)我的 難以置信的交流能力和公民意識。

14:14

(Applause)

（掌聲）

14:25

These are public school kids engaged in the issue of gun regulation, and their endeavor has moved our hearts. And they shouldn't have to do this on their own. They're asking you, they're asking all of us, to get involved. This isn't a spectator sport.

這些公立學校的孩子參與槍支管控的問題，他們的努力打動了我們的心。他們不應該獨自做這件事。他們請你們，他們請我們所有人 參與其中。這不是只旁觀不參加的事情。

14:46

So what's the right answer? I don't know. Listen, I'm no gun control expert. I teach the humanities. To be human is to learn, and to be part of a civilization is to share your knowledge. This kind of honest, brave and sincere engagement is what I ask of my students, what I expect of myself as a teacher and what I demand of you now. Every one of you needs to do your homework. And then what? Humbly share your knowledge with each other. Please teach your family, teach your community, your city council, your state legislature. Teach Congress a lesson.

所以正確的答案是什么？ 我不知道。聽著，我不是個槍支管控的專家。我教人文學科。作為一個人應該去學習，作為文明社會的一份子要去分享你們的知識。這種正當，勇敢和真誠的參與 是我要求我學生的，是作為一個老師我對自己的期待，而我現(xiàn)在也要求你們。你們中的每一位需要做你們的功課。然后呢？ 謙遜地給他人分享你們的知識。請你們教你們的家人，教你們的社區(qū)，你們的市議會，你們的州議會。教國會一課。

15:33

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

15:35

(Applause)

（掌聲）